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Le registre d'inscription des candidats à l'examen du baccalauréat, session unique de juin 2016 est ouvert à compter du jeudi 17 décembre 2015. La clôture des inscriptions est fixée au vendredi 29 janvier 2016 à 18h30mn. Les autorités de la Direction de l'Office du Baccalauréat comme à l'accoutumée, ne tôleront aucun retard lors de la clôture du dépôt de candidature. Pour rappel, la liste des pièces à fournir dans le cadre de l'inscription à l'examen du Baccalauréat, session unique de juin 2016, est (...)

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La nationalité est un bien d'une nature particulière qu'on aurait tort de traiter à la légère. Il n'appartient pas à l'Etat, qui ne peut en disposer. Sa possession donne accès à la citoyenneté. Tout citoyen d'un pays en possède la nationalité. Et réciproquement, la nationalité n'appartient qu'aux citoyens.

Jan Lundius, a Swedish national, is a professor and former UNESCO associate.

By Jan Lundius
Helsinki, Jan 11 2016 (IPS)

The year 2015 was a sad one for journalists around the world, with approximately 60 journalists killed, more than 200 imprisoned and more than 400 exiled.

In many countries, people speaking up against abuse and violations have a rational fear for their lives and wellbeing. To address this issue, UNESCO and the Government of Finland will co-host a conference on journalists´ safety the week of International Press Freedom Day, 3 May 2016.

The choice of Finland to organize such an event is no mere coincidence. When Reporters Without Borders presented its World Press Freedom Index for 2015, Finland topped the list for the fifth year in a row. And Finland´s government has taken its commitment further by making transparency and information an institutional concern, for example by making broadband access a legal right and easing the way for citizens to participate in the legislative process through online means.

Often when rulers silence the media they do it in the name of security or preserving national culture or unity. So is freedom of speech determined by culture? And, if so, did cultural forces help mold the Finnish government´s liberal attitude toward press freedom?

Until 1809, Finland was part of Sweden, a country that in 1766 was the first nation in the world to abolish censorship and guarantee freedom of the press. But after subsequent conquest by the Russian Empire, growing Russian patriotism demanded a closer integration of Finland and, by the end of the 19th century, harsh censorship of the press was introduced. This and other measures, including Russian promotion of the Finnish language as a way to sever the country’s longstanding cultural ties with Sweden, fueled an already growing Finnish nationalism.

When the Russian tsar abdicated in 1917, the Finnish legislature declared independence, leading to a civil war between the country’s “Reds”, led by Social Democrats, and “Whites”, led by the conservatives in the Senate. Thirty-six thousand out of a population of 3 million died. The Reds executed 1,650 civilians, while the triumphant Whites executed approximately 9,000. The war resulted in an official ban on Communism, censorship of the socialist press and an increasing integration to the Western world economy. The new constitution established that the country would be bi-lingual, with both Finnish and Swedish taught in schools and at universities.

During World War II, harsh press censorship was introduced – this time by the Finnish government itself – as the country fought two wars against the Soviet Union and the subsequently fought to drive out its former German allies in those conflicts.

The development of the current Finnish freedom of speech probably has to be considered in relation to this arduous history, particularly the difficult aftermath of the wars with the Soviet Union and, through all of it, the Finnish people´s struggle to maintain their freedom and unique character as a nation.

Today, Finland has a lively press and a thriving culture production in both languages, even if Finnish people with Swedish as a mother tongue constitute only about 5 per cent of a population of 5.4 million. Even in the Internet Age, Finns remain avid newspaper readers, ranking first in the EU with almost 500 copies sold per day per 1, 000 inhabitants, surpassed only by Japan and Norway.

During the Cold War years, Finland’s efforts to cope with is proximity to Soviet Russia had grave repercussions on freedom of speech in the country. Due to Soviet pressure, some books were withdrawn from public libraries and Finnish publishers avoided literature that could cause Soviet displeasure. For example, the Finnish translation of Solzhenitsyn´s The Gulag Archipelago was published in Sweden. On several occasions, Moscow restricted Finnish politics and vetoed its participation in the Marshall Plan.

The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to Finland’s expanded participation in Western political and economic structures. Finland joined the EU in 1994 and the euro was introduced in 1999. Restrictions on the media were relaxed and today, probably in reaction to its previous experiences with censorship, Finland is widely recognized having the most extensive press freedom of any country.

However, the rise of anti-immigrant political sentiment, as evidenced by the rise of the Finns´ Party, has cast a pall over popular media. Now the country’s second largest party after success in this year’s elections, the Finns´ Party combines left-wing economic policies with conservative social values, as well as a heavy dose of xenophobia, euro scepticism and Islamophobia, leading it to attract nationalistic fringe groups that are vociferous in public media.

One example is the group Suomen Sisu, which has an openly crude racial approach, disguised as “ethnopluralism,” an ideology stating that ethnic groups have to be kept separated and that Swedish speaking Finns’ influence on politics and culture has to be limited and that immigration has to be radically restricted, or even halted completely.

Finland´s most popular web site Homma is spreading this message, which also accuses Finnish media of being left-leaning and eroding Finnish national pride. The Finns’ Party´s leader, Timo Soini, is currently the country´s foreign minister and vice prime minister. While the party occasionally reacts harshly to criticism in media it states that it honors freedom of the press. Even when Soini was recently was attacked by the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo, he stated that it was quite OK since it was an expression of the press freedom.

Nevertheless, with Finland now scheduled to host an international conference on press freedom, we should be watchful of the dangers to free expression that lurk in uninhibited nationalism and xenophobia. Nordic people often take their excellent record in human rights for granted and, in so doing, dismiss these dangers. Let’s hope that the May conference will serve as a reminder to us all that freedom of the press and of expression is something that has to be jealously guarded and vigorously protected through thick and thin.

(End)

On the surface, 2015 came to a close in a moment of relative tranquility after a turbulent year for China’s neighborhood. But the calm is misleading: the optics of regional diplomacy have become increasingly detached from the reality of the underlying tensions; this risks obscuring deepening fault lines.

Le personnage excentrique du chanteur David Bowie a largement dépassé la musique. Au cinéma, David Bowie a croisé les plus grands : de Marlene Dietrich en passant par Catherine Deneuve, Monty Python, Martin Scorsese ou David Lynch. L’icône pop britannique, la star de Ziggy Stardust et Major Tom a été aussi influencée par les arts plastiques, notamment l’expressionnisme allemand.

Almost 100 relatives of those who died in the Russian A321 airliner crash have filed a class action suit against the U.S. company that owned the plane and leased it to the Kogalymavia carrier company.

Crimean Finance Minister Irina Kiviko said that according to the operative data, 25.6 billion rubles were contributed to the budget of Crimea, 10 percent more than the initially predicted contribution of 23.2 billion.

A law outlining the right of a detainee to make a phone call no later than three hours after being arrested has come into force in Russia, the Rossiiskaya Gazeta state-owned newspaper reported Sunday.

Moscow clinics this year will start distributing free medication to drug addicts to treat overdoses, the Health Ministry's top drug specialist, Yevgeny Bryun, told local news website m24.ru.

Voilà maintenant un an que l’opération intérieure Sentinelle a été lancée avec plus de 10.000 militaires affectés à la surveillance et à la protection des sites sensibles. Au cours de ces derniers mois, plusieurs aspects de cette mission intérieure ont été évoqués sur ce site, que ce soit au sujet de ses conséquences sur la […]

Cet article Sentinelle : Des soldats obligés de s’inscrire à un club de sport pour prendre une douche est apparu en premier sur Zone Militaire.

AMENDMENTS 1 - 190 - Draft motion for a resolution 2015 Report on Serbia
Committee on Foreign Affairs

Source : © European Union, 2016 - EP

AMENDMENTS 1 - 190 - Draft motion for a resolution 2015 Report on Serbia
Committee on Foreign Affairs

Source : © European Union, 2016 - EP

Nicht nur in Deutschland gibt es viele Stimmen, die nach den Vorfällen von…

A powerful storm will strike central Russia on Tuesday and will cover Moscow in heavy snowfall.

Serbie : le gouvernement Vučić, populisme et parodie de lutte contre la corruption
Lutte contre la corruption en Serbie : une justice toujours si peu efficace
Serbie : une si médiatique rafle anti-corruption
Serbie : « les journalistes ne se mettent pas à genoux ! »
Vučić attaque BIRN, la « mafia des journalistes » et l'UE

/ Serbie, Vucic, Politique intérieure, Courrier des Balkans, Défense, police et justice, Médias

Serbie : le gouvernement Vučić, populisme et parodie de lutte contre la corruption
Lutte contre la corruption en Serbie : une justice toujours si peu efficace
Serbie : une si médiatique rafle anti-corruption
Serbie : « les journalistes ne se mettent pas à genoux ! »
Vučić attaque BIRN, la « mafia des journalistes » et l'UE

/ Serbie, Vucic, Politique intérieure, Courrier des Balkans, Défense, police et justice, Médias

A total of 225 kilograms of mandarins imported from Turkey were destroyed in the Stavropol region after the presidential decree banning the import of a number of food items from Turkey came into force on Jan. 1.

Russian President Vladimir Putin gave an extensive interview to German publication Build. In the interview, the head of state spoke about the relations between Moscow and Berlin, corporation with Angela Merkel, sanctions against Russia and Crimea, about the regulation of the conflict in Ukraine and other actual issues

Article paru sur le site lexpansion.lexpress.fr le 5 janvier 2016, dans lequel Vincent Champain, président de l'Observatoire du long terme, Marc-Arthur Gauthey, membre de OuiShare
et Robin Rivaton, économiste pour la Fondation pour l'innovation politique décryptent les effets de l'ubérisation sur l'emploi.

Cet article l’expansion.l’express.fr- L’ubérisation, un drame pour l’emploi ? est apparu en premier sur Fondapol.