En juillet, le Pentagone annonçait avoir éliminé Abou Sayed, le troisième chef, en un an, de la branche afghano-pakistanaise de l’État islamique (EI-Khorasan ou EI-K). Visiblement, le poste est particulièrement exposé puisque celui qui semblait le mieux placé pour lui succéder, un certain Abdul Rahman, a connu le même sort avec trois de ses compagnons. […]
Cet article Le principal candidat à la direction de l’EI en Afghanistan éliminé par une frappe américaine est apparu en premier sur Zone Militaire.
China is plagued by a growing water security crisis and its current solutions are far from sufficient. The reverberations of this crisis have already had global implications, notably encouraging the Arab Spring. Further, as the crisis worsens, national, regional, and global political and economic instability will grow.
China has an age-old imbalance. Its agricultural core is in the North whilst its water resource is in the South. As of 2014, North China holds two thirds of Chinese agriculture but only one fifth of its water. The rise of Mao in 1952 and an interventionist political ideology has cemented this chronic structural issue in the Chinese economy.
The crisis growsContemporary developments are further pressuring China’s water economy as rapid economic growth has sucked-in water. Agriculture and industry account for 85% of water usage. China has 20% of the world’s population but only 7% of its freshwater resource and a rapidly growing middle class with water-demanding lifestyles; the average hamburger takes 2400 litres to produce. In 2014, eleven out of thirty-one Chinese provinces did not meet the World Bank’s water needs criteria of 1500m3 per person; in 2015 in Beijing for example, water provisions amounted to only 100m3.
China’s artificially low pricing of water has encouraged poor water management by creating a disjuncture between actual and market water prices, promoting highly inefficient use in industry and agriculture, and persistent pollution of scarce freshwater supplies. A 2009 World Bank report stated that China was using ten times more water per unit of production than the average industrialised country, and that pollution has made the water in 19% of main rivers and 35% of reservoirs useless for agriculture and industry.
Climate change exacerbates this situation. The melt-water from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau significantly feeds the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers; the Yangtze alone supports 584 million people and serves an economic zone that constitutes 42% of GDP. According to The State Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences in China, run off into the Yangtze decreased by 13.9% during the 1990s.
Problem solved?China’s principal solution has been to commission the very high profile South-North Water Diversion Project, inspired by Chairman Mao. In 1952, Mao stated, “[The country’s] South has lots of water, the North has less, if it were possible, it could borrow a little”. The core of the project is a 1200 km canal stretching from the Yangtze to Beijing. It is a political showcase that is temporarily averting crisis by addressing the symptoms rather than the cause, but at a cost of $62 billion, it is an expensive breather that will not resolve the problem.
By facilitating massive water transportation, China is reinforcing an artificial economy. It is encouraging water-intensive industry and agriculture, and promoting a downward spiral of strengthening an insatiable demand whilst failing to combat system inefficiencies. Long term, this project, combined with state-induced low water prices, climate change, and population and economic growth, will perpetuate economic and water scarcity in Northern China.
China has made strides to find innovative solutions to its water issues. Since April 2015, it has experimented with pioneering urban designs to solve flooding and water shortages, launching a‘sponge city’ program in 16 cities and districts to retain rain water. The Water Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, announced in 2015, set targets to improve specific polluting industries and has had some success; 50,000 offending companies have shut down or halted operations. Nonetheless, critics have questioned the effectiveness of enforcement. Ma Jun, Director of the Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs, said many factories did not comply and local governments carried out the easier aspects of the legislation rather than tackling larger, more complex problems. However, these are small solutions to a very major problem. Experts predict that, if China carries on with business as usual, water supply will outstrip demand by 2030.
ImplicationsWater security issues will have a severe impact on domestic economic stability in the long term. In China, 45% of GDP is in regions that have a similar water resource per capita as the Middle East. China’s electricity generation is reliant on water, as it is estimated that 45% of fresh-water reliant power generation facilities are in water-stressed provinces. Further, many water-intensive industries, such as fibres and metals, generate 51% of their output in water scarce regions. China’s global competitiveness will likely be affected as industry, agriculture, and municipal use compete internally and with each other. Businesses should contemplate a future of water price hikes, supply disruptions, pollution, and increased regulation, and seek the opportunities presented by innovative business solutions to solve Chinese water-security issues.
As throughout history, any water-induced economic instability will have significant political implications, nationally, regionally, and, given China’s significance, globally. This has already occurred. The 2011 winter-drought in China’s Eastern wheat-growing province forced China to purchase vast volumes of wheat on international markets. This caused a doubling of global wheat prices. Quickly, a hungry Middle East and North Africa were convulsing in the Arab Spring; in Tunisia, Yemen, and Jordan, protesters waved baguettes in protest, while in Egypt, people were crying out for “bread, freedom, and social justice” (it rhymes in Arabic).
As China moves rapidly away from staple food self-sufficiency, the globalisation of China’s water-security crisis is a serious issue. Such a danger has not gone unnoticed; a report by the USA’s National Intelligence Council registered Chinese water and food shortages, predicted to occur by 2030, as a threat. The implications for the global economy if China’s economy stutters, given it is predicted to account for 17.2% of it by 2025, are self-evident.
As politicians, leaders, investors, and businesses, but ultimately as people, China will wrestle with this challenge, but the world must also take heed of China’s water-security. The dry throat of the Chinese dragon may induce more than just a sneeze.
This article was originally published by Global Risk Insights and written by Ben Abbs.
The post Domestic and Global Shocks of the Growing Water Crisis in China appeared first on Foreign Policy Blogs.
Aki autóval megy a Peljesac-félszigetre, vagy esetleg Dubrovnikba, pontosan tudja, mekkora könnyebbség, mennyivel egyszerűbb lenne, ha nem szakítaná meg az utat a kétszeri boszniai határátlépés, ha a horvátok által elképzelt hidat megépítenék. Néhány héttel ezelőtt, amikor az Európai Bizottság úgy döntött, hogy az építési költség 80%-át megfinanszírozza és 357 millió euróval megtámogatja a projektet, úgy tűnt, hogy a korábbi évek vitája nyugvópontra jutott és megkezdődhet a kivitelezés.
Nem így van. Bosznia-Hercegovina kormánypárti politikusa Halit Genjac egyenesen azt mondta, hogy hogy Bosznia voltaképpen hivatalosan soha nem támogatta a Peljesac-híd megépítését, sőt véleménye szerint a híd építése törvénytelen, kimeríti az ENSZ tengeri vizekről szóló konvenciójának megsértését. Emlékeztetett az államelnökség 2007. október 17-i ülésére, ahol arról határoztak, hogy Bosznia ellene van a híd építésének egészen addig, amíg a nyitott kérdések nem tisztázódnak és ki nem jelölik a két ország közötti tengeri határt. Akkor felszólították Horvátországot, hogy ne kezdjen semmilyen „egyoldalú” tevékenységbe. Annak, hogy azóta is rendszeresek az egyeztetések, szakértői tárgyalások, a politikus szerint semmi jelentősége nincs, mert a végső szót az Elnökségnek kell kimondania és ez nem történt meg, ezért nem értik azt sem, hogyan adhat az Európai Unió forrást egy szerintük illegális építkezéshez.
Az ENSZ konvenció egyértelműen kimondja Bosznia-Hercegovina jogát arra, hogy a szárazföldről szabad kijutása legyen a nyílt tengerre. Ugyanez a jog érvényesült a közelmúltban Horvátország és Szlovénia között a tengeri határ pontos kijelölésével amivel Szlovénia ugyanilyen folyosót kapott a nyílt tengerre a Pirani-öbölben, így nem kizárt, hogy a két ország között fellángolt vita eldöntésében nemzetközi békéltetőhöz fordulnak.
Első lépésként azonban a boszniai kormányzópárt az Európai Parlament képviselőihez fordul és támogatásukat kérik, hogy vizsgálják felül az Európai Bizottság által juttatandó támogatást. Ha ez nem vezet eredményre, akkor Bosznia nemzetközi bírósághoz fordul.
A háromtagú államelnökség bosnyák tagja, Bakir Izetbegović azt mondja, hogy Boszniának meg kell védeni érdekeit, míg a horvát nemzetiségű Dragan Čović elnökségi tag szerint a híd mindkét országnak jó, Boszniának különösen, mert ezzel megszűnne Neum szűk keresztmetszete. A szerb tag véleménye még nem ismert.
A háború után, 1999-ben Franjo Tuđman és Alija Izetbegović elnökök kötöttek egy megállapodást, amit a horvátok nem ratifikáltak, egyenesen elutasítottak. A két politikus megállapodott abban, hogy Ploče kikötőjét Bosznia használhatja 99 évig, a tengeri határ a Mali Ston-öböl közepén húzódik és szabad áthaladást biztosítanak a horvátoknak Neumon keresztül. 1999-től 2006-ig Horvátország nem ratifikálta ezt a szerződést, majd 2006-ban tájékoztatták Bosznia államelnökségét, hogy elállnak a Tuđman – Izetbegović megállapodástól és azzal egy időben bejelentették, hogy megépítik a Peljesac-hidat. A diplomáciai egyeztetések helyett a horvátok ezt pusztán technikai kérdésnek tekintették, amiben a közlekedési és kommunikációs minisztériumoknak kell egyeztetni.
A kérdés vélhetően még nem lefutott.
En octobre 2015, une photographie présentée comme étant celle d’une séduisante jeune femme pilote appartenant aux forces aérospatiales russes engagée en Syrie fit sensation chez de nombreux internautes. Seulement, il s’agissait d’un faux. Ou plus précisement, la légende qui l’accompagnait était fausse. Le cliché en question avait été pris dix ans plus tôt non pas […]
Cet article Russie : Les femmes pourront désormais piloter des avions de combat est apparu en premier sur Zone Militaire.
August 13, 2017 (KHARTOUM) - Sudan's Foreign Ministry Under-Secretary Abdel-Ghani al-Naim discussed on ongoing efforts to improve bilateral relations with a senior professional staff member of the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Foreign Relations.
President Donald Trump's administration last July postponed until next October its decision on the permanent revocation of the 20-year embargo saying more time is needed to consider Sudan's commitment to UN sanctions on North Korea, human rights and religious freedoms.
In a statement released on Sunday, the foreign ministry, al-Nai'm received Heather D. Flynn, Senior Professional Staff of U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations who was accampaigned by the U.S. Chargé d'Affaires Steven Koutsis.
During the meeting, he stressed Sudan keenness to develop bilateral relations with the U.S. pointing to the "positive dialogue which led to the excellent implementation of the five-track plan"
He further said his country not only hopes to lift the economic sanctions and the removal from the U.S. list of state sponsors of terrorism but also to strengthen bilateral relations and cooperation in regional and international issues.
For her part, the US official praised the close cooperation between her country and Sudan in the fight against terrorism, pointing out that the U.S. Congress is also following the five tracks and looks forward to supporting peace and stability in Sudan, said the statement.
Flynn visited Kutum locality in the North Darfur state and inspected the humanitarian situation at Ain Siro camp for displaced people.
She also met with the Governor Abdel-Wahid Youssef Ibrahim to discuss the security and humanitarian situations in North Darfur.
In statements to the official SUNA, the governor stated that the visiting American official requested to allow unfettered access to the humanitarian groups.
He said he explained that there is no any restriction on the humanitarian activities.
However, he further explained that purpose of the permission imposed on the humanitarian groups is "to coordinate and ensure the safety and security of aid workers during their movements within the state".
Last June a bipartisan group including 53 U.S. lawmakers strongly urged President Donald Trump to delay the permanent lifting of U.S. sanctions on Sudan.
“We write to request that you delay lifting these sanctions for one year or until your Administration has been able to fully staff the Department of State and National Security Council, and you have named a Special Envoy for Sudan and South Sudan,” said 53 Congressmen in a letter sent to President Trump on June 30.
(ST)