Diplomacy & Defense Think Tank News

In this chapter, we analyze the potential role of science, technology and innovation (STI) in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs), and what governments in developing countries can do to phase-in STI-based solutions, especially green energy technologies, for achieving SDGs. For this purpose, we examined three successful phase-in experiences in solar energy and energy efficiency in two emerging economies (China, India). 

This article introduces the special issue on the evolution of European Union development policy, against the background of fundamental challenges that have emerged since the 2009 Lisbon Treaty. The special issue’s objective is to highlight the complex dynamics of a policy area that is called on to address the massive challenges of poverty, inequality, healthcare capacity, climate change, insecurity and weak governance in countries of the global south, and at the same time support European foreign policy objectives including political stability, migration management, access to resources and markets. In this introductory article, we attempt to sketch the broad outlines of the conceptual and practical dilemmas faced by a policy area that is supposed to be able to fix almost any problem. We observe that European development policy’s evolution is driven by the tension between its raison d’être as a concrete expression of global solidarity and international cooperation, and its increasing instrumentalisation in the service of European economic and security interests. We highlight some of the key challenges that have emerged in the last decade, including rising populist nationalism and Brexit within Europe, the changing nature of relationships between Europe and countries who receive EU aid, and the changing nature of development cooperation itself, exemplified by the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals. We outline the specific contributions the articles in this special issue make to research and policy debates on the themes we raise in this introduction. We conclude that the battle between the forces of solidarity and instrumentality has evolved EU development policy into an impossibly complex arena of competing norms, practices and institutions, which raises many open questions for future research.

This article introduces the special issue on the evolution of European Union development policy, against the background of fundamental challenges that have emerged since the 2009 Lisbon Treaty. The special issue’s objective is to highlight the complex dynamics of a policy area that is called on to address the massive challenges of poverty, inequality, healthcare capacity, climate change, insecurity and weak governance in countries of the global south, and at the same time support European foreign policy objectives including political stability, migration management, access to resources and markets. In this introductory article, we attempt to sketch the broad outlines of the conceptual and practical dilemmas faced by a policy area that is supposed to be able to fix almost any problem. We observe that European development policy’s evolution is driven by the tension between its raison d’être as a concrete expression of global solidarity and international cooperation, and its increasing instrumentalisation in the service of European economic and security interests. We highlight some of the key challenges that have emerged in the last decade, including rising populist nationalism and Brexit within Europe, the changing nature of relationships between Europe and countries who receive EU aid, and the changing nature of development cooperation itself, exemplified by the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals. We outline the specific contributions the articles in this special issue make to research and policy debates on the themes we raise in this introduction. We conclude that the battle between the forces of solidarity and instrumentality has evolved EU development policy into an impossibly complex arena of competing norms, practices and institutions, which raises many open questions for future research.

This article introduces the special issue on the evolution of European Union development policy, against the background of fundamental challenges that have emerged since the 2009 Lisbon Treaty. The special issue’s objective is to highlight the complex dynamics of a policy area that is called on to address the massive challenges of poverty, inequality, healthcare capacity, climate change, insecurity and weak governance in countries of the global south, and at the same time support European foreign policy objectives including political stability, migration management, access to resources and markets. In this introductory article, we attempt to sketch the broad outlines of the conceptual and practical dilemmas faced by a policy area that is supposed to be able to fix almost any problem. We observe that European development policy’s evolution is driven by the tension between its raison d’être as a concrete expression of global solidarity and international cooperation, and its increasing instrumentalisation in the service of European economic and security interests. We highlight some of the key challenges that have emerged in the last decade, including rising populist nationalism and Brexit within Europe, the changing nature of relationships between Europe and countries who receive EU aid, and the changing nature of development cooperation itself, exemplified by the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals. We outline the specific contributions the articles in this special issue make to research and policy debates on the themes we raise in this introduction. We conclude that the battle between the forces of solidarity and instrumentality has evolved EU development policy into an impossibly complex arena of competing norms, practices and institutions, which raises many open questions for future research.

Das globale Klima erwärmt sich, immer mehr Arten sterben aus, in manchen Regionen wird Wasser zu einem knappen Gut, Plastikmüll verschmutzt unsere Meere, die Belastungen durch Feinstaub nehmen immer mehr zu – die Liste unserer globalen Herausforderungen ist lang und wird gefühlt immer länger. Und nun erleben wir auch noch zum ersten Mal in unserer Zeit eine globale Pandemie. Unser Alltag ist auf den Kopf gestellt, nichts scheint mehr sicher; was in den nächsten Wochen passiert, scheint nicht mehr planbar. Wie können wir lernen, in solch ungewissen Zeiten unsere Ängste zu überwinden, Risiken besser einzuschätzen und nachhaltige Verhaltensmuster langfristig zu etablieren? Erkenntnisse aus der Verhaltenswissenschaft können uns dabei helfen, dies erfolgreich zu meistern.

Das globale Klima erwärmt sich, immer mehr Arten sterben aus, in manchen Regionen wird Wasser zu einem knappen Gut, Plastikmüll verschmutzt unsere Meere, die Belastungen durch Feinstaub nehmen immer mehr zu – die Liste unserer globalen Herausforderungen ist lang und wird gefühlt immer länger. Und nun erleben wir auch noch zum ersten Mal in unserer Zeit eine globale Pandemie. Unser Alltag ist auf den Kopf gestellt, nichts scheint mehr sicher; was in den nächsten Wochen passiert, scheint nicht mehr planbar. Wie können wir lernen, in solch ungewissen Zeiten unsere Ängste zu überwinden, Risiken besser einzuschätzen und nachhaltige Verhaltensmuster langfristig zu etablieren? Erkenntnisse aus der Verhaltenswissenschaft können uns dabei helfen, dies erfolgreich zu meistern.

Das globale Klima erwärmt sich, immer mehr Arten sterben aus, in manchen Regionen wird Wasser zu einem knappen Gut, Plastikmüll verschmutzt unsere Meere, die Belastungen durch Feinstaub nehmen immer mehr zu – die Liste unserer globalen Herausforderungen ist lang und wird gefühlt immer länger. Und nun erleben wir auch noch zum ersten Mal in unserer Zeit eine globale Pandemie. Unser Alltag ist auf den Kopf gestellt, nichts scheint mehr sicher; was in den nächsten Wochen passiert, scheint nicht mehr planbar. Wie können wir lernen, in solch ungewissen Zeiten unsere Ängste zu überwinden, Risiken besser einzuschätzen und nachhaltige Verhaltensmuster langfristig zu etablieren? Erkenntnisse aus der Verhaltenswissenschaft können uns dabei helfen, dies erfolgreich zu meistern.

Um mit der Corona-Pandemie möglichst angemessen umgehen zu können, ist es wichtig, dass die Menschen hierzulande eine realistische Vorstellung davon haben, wie hoch ihr individuelles Risiko einer Erkrankung ist. Wie aktuelle Analysen der SOEP-CoV-Studie nun zeigen, sind sich die meisten Menschen in Deutschland durchaus bewusst, dass Faktoren wie das Lebensalter, Vorerkrankungen und der Beruf einen starken Einfluss auf ihr individuelles Risiko haben, lebensbedrohlich an Covid-19 zu erkranken. Gleichzeitig wird das durchschnittliche Risiko dafür deutlich überschätzt. Dies könnte durchaus dazu beitragen, dass die Bevölkerung die derzeitigen Schutzmaßnahmen wie das Abstandhalten und das Tragen von Masken auch bei geringen Neuinfektionszahlen beibehält. Nichtsdestoweniger ist die Politik gefordert, den Informationsstand und die Risikomündigkeit der Bevölkerung weiter zu stärken.

This article discusses the prospects for forging new social contracts in highly fragile and conflict affected countries. Building on analytical insights from the political settlements and state fragility literature, conceptualising peacebuilding processes as efforts to forge social contracts enables us to address the roles of governments, social groups, citizens and external stakeholders. We discuss the potential for peacebuilding processes to realise social contracts by assessing societal perceptions of the core public good that citizens expect the state to provide, namely protection. We address two cases where ‘stateness’ was destroyed by foreign intervention and civil war: Iraq (since 2003) and Libya (since 2011). We discuss the troubled recent trajectories of efforts to build peace in Iraq and Libya along the substantive, spatial and temporal dimensions of the social contract. Drawing on interviews, survey results and estimates of civilian casualties, we take a ‘bottom-up’ perspective of their societies’ experiences and expectations regarding protection. We conclude that in both countries the provision of protection by the state and others runs counter to the expectations of significant parts of the population. At the national level, major social groups have been unable to overcome mutual distrust, while continued threats to physical security reduce the prospects that any social contract able to deliver other public goods can ever emerge. Existing political settlements in both countries have rewarded the politicization of ethno-sectarian identity (especially in Iraq) and have benefited economic war lordism (especially in Libya). We conclude that as social contracts at the national level are unlikely to emerge, the consequences of de-facto break ups of both countries must be acknowledged if social contracts at sub-national levels are to have any chance of delivering peace.

This article discusses the prospects for forging new social contracts in highly fragile and conflict affected countries. Building on analytical insights from the political settlements and state fragility literature, conceptualising peacebuilding processes as efforts to forge social contracts enables us to address the roles of governments, social groups, citizens and external stakeholders. We discuss the potential for peacebuilding processes to realise social contracts by assessing societal perceptions of the core public good that citizens expect the state to provide, namely protection. We address two cases where ‘stateness’ was destroyed by foreign intervention and civil war: Iraq (since 2003) and Libya (since 2011). We discuss the troubled recent trajectories of efforts to build peace in Iraq and Libya along the substantive, spatial and temporal dimensions of the social contract. Drawing on interviews, survey results and estimates of civilian casualties, we take a ‘bottom-up’ perspective of their societies’ experiences and expectations regarding protection. We conclude that in both countries the provision of protection by the state and others runs counter to the expectations of significant parts of the population. At the national level, major social groups have been unable to overcome mutual distrust, while continued threats to physical security reduce the prospects that any social contract able to deliver other public goods can ever emerge. Existing political settlements in both countries have rewarded the politicization of ethno-sectarian identity (especially in Iraq) and have benefited economic war lordism (especially in Libya). We conclude that as social contracts at the national level are unlikely to emerge, the consequences of de-facto break ups of both countries must be acknowledged if social contracts at sub-national levels are to have any chance of delivering peace.

This article discusses the prospects for forging new social contracts in highly fragile and conflict affected countries. Building on analytical insights from the political settlements and state fragility literature, conceptualising peacebuilding processes as efforts to forge social contracts enables us to address the roles of governments, social groups, citizens and external stakeholders. We discuss the potential for peacebuilding processes to realise social contracts by assessing societal perceptions of the core public good that citizens expect the state to provide, namely protection. We address two cases where ‘stateness’ was destroyed by foreign intervention and civil war: Iraq (since 2003) and Libya (since 2011). We discuss the troubled recent trajectories of efforts to build peace in Iraq and Libya along the substantive, spatial and temporal dimensions of the social contract. Drawing on interviews, survey results and estimates of civilian casualties, we take a ‘bottom-up’ perspective of their societies’ experiences and expectations regarding protection. We conclude that in both countries the provision of protection by the state and others runs counter to the expectations of significant parts of the population. At the national level, major social groups have been unable to overcome mutual distrust, while continued threats to physical security reduce the prospects that any social contract able to deliver other public goods can ever emerge. Existing political settlements in both countries have rewarded the politicization of ethno-sectarian identity (especially in Iraq) and have benefited economic war lordism (especially in Libya). We conclude that as social contracts at the national level are unlikely to emerge, the consequences of de-facto break ups of both countries must be acknowledged if social contracts at sub-national levels are to have any chance of delivering peace.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the multiple crises it unleashed around the world coincided with the beginning of the period that the world leaders dubbed the “Decade of Action” to deliver on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Launched at the beginning of 2020, it aims to instill a sense of urgency, thereby spurring action, unlocking development finance, and harnessing innovative approaches for the attainment of the SDGs and the promise of “leaving no one behind”. A strong call for action was based on the realization that the world was seriously off-track in its progress towards sustainable development. Delivering on the promises of financing and the commitments of partnership is key for progress across the goals.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the multiple crises it unleashed around the world coincided with the beginning of the period that the world leaders dubbed the “Decade of Action” to deliver on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Launched at the beginning of 2020, it aims to instill a sense of urgency, thereby spurring action, unlocking development finance, and harnessing innovative approaches for the attainment of the SDGs and the promise of “leaving no one behind”. A strong call for action was based on the realization that the world was seriously off-track in its progress towards sustainable development. Delivering on the promises of financing and the commitments of partnership is key for progress across the goals.