Jomo Kwame Sundaram is the Coordinator for Economic and Social Development at the Food and Agriculture Organization and received the 2007 Wassily Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought.
By Jomo Kwame Sundaram
ROME, Dec 17 2015 (IPS)
With the increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events adversely affecting agricultural outputs and farmers’ incomes, commercial crop insurance has been touted as the solution for vulnerable farmers all over the world. Financial and farm interests have been promoting US crop insurance as the solution. It is instructive to consider lessons from the 2012 drought.
Jomo Kwame Sundaram. Credit: FAO
Driven by the expectation of high maize prices, owing to the maize bio-ethanol mandate introduced almost a decade ago, US farmers planted a record 96.4 million acres in the spring of 2012 – even planting on previously fallow and marginal fields. Farmers also knew that crop insurance would guarantee a handsome return on their investment even in the event of crop failure.Unexpectedly low crop yields caused by the drought in much of the US significantly drove up global cereal prices by mid-year. By July 2012, more than 55 per cent of the US was in a state of moderate to extreme drought – the worst since 1956. US maize yield fell far short of the 166 bushels per acre that the US Department of Agriculture had projected in the spring. The USDA rated only 31 per cent of the crops “good” or “excellent”, while 38 per cent were rated “poor” or “very poor.”
When bad weather destroys part or all of their crop, those with a harvest-price clause in their insurance policies are compensated for most of their expected crop at the market price. When farmers can earn more from insurance at higher prices, they have an incentive to behave in ways that may raise prices even more, e.g. by delivering less.
Insurance payments for lost yields are based on current market prices, not some pre-agreed prices. Given the structure of these payoffs, it is not surprising that 85 per cent of all planted US farmland was insured in 2012, up from 75 per cent a decade ago, and only 25 per cent in 1988. Hence, many US maize farmers had their highest incomes ever despite the harvest failure!
By reducing the harvest, the drought drove up prices, boosting farmers’ incomes from insurance payments. If farmers with good insurance coverage make claims instead of harvesting, even less maize gets to market, raising prices – and insurance payments – further. When farmers planted in the spring, the maize price was less than 5 dollars a bushel.
Indeed, with highly subsidized crop insurance, if prices rise high enough, American farmers can earn far more from a failed harvest, than from a successful harvest. As insurance paid 80 per cent of current harvest prices, many farmers made more from insurance when prices rose above 6.25 dollars, than with a full harvest.
The supply shortfall pushed up maize prices to more than 8 dollar per bushel. As more land had been planted than ever before, many had expected a bumper crop, aggravating the low yield’s impact on prices. As the US is, by far, the world’s largest maize producer, and maize is the most popular animal feed, the poor harvest raised other food prices as well.
Nevertheless, this is very big—and very good—business for the insurance companies. Every year between 2000 and 2010, US crop insurers collected more in premiums than they paid out. But insurance companies also have little incentive to deter excessive payouts as the US government covers roughly three-fifths of premiums and reimburses private crop-insurance companies for administrative and operating costs exceeding a fifth of total premiums. Thus, the larger the nominal losses to insurers, the greater the share of payouts the government covers.
In 1989-2009, crop insurance cost US taxpayers 68.7 billion dollars, rising from 2 billion dollars in 2002 to 9 billion dollars in 2011, with more frequent and devastating extreme weather events. In 2011, when drought hit Texas and the US Southwest, total indemnified agricultural losses amounted to 10.8 billion dollars. But, as the government subsidized both premiums and re-insurance, private insurers still made a profit of 1.7 billion dollars. With the greater severity of the 2012 drought, the payout was much larger.
The federal government subsidy to crop insurance has since increased with the latest US farm bill. Yet, US policymakers have no reason to change things. Farm incomes account for a relatively small share of the US economy. In the run-up to national elections, powerful farm lobbies regularly call for even more federal protection. With candidates from both major parties vying for farm votes, neither side will discuss the perverse effects of US crop insurance or even its effect on the fiscal deficit – much less its impact on food prices and the world’s poor.
Instead, crop insurance is still touted as the best means to reduce farmer vulnerability, or even to combat poverty in developing countries. In Europe, the crop insurance lobby is calling for a “level playing field” by emulating US arrangements — by raising the level of support from the current 20 per cent to the US’s 70 per cent!
As such generous underwriting is allowed under WTO rules, and most developing countries cannot afford to subsidize crop insurance to the same extent, their farmers will consequently be at a further disadvantage. In any case, most poor farmers in developing countries are unlikely to be able to afford even the subsidized premiums offered by commercial insurance.
The “success” and popularity of US crop insurance is clearly due to high levels of government subsidy, beyond the means of most developing country governments.
While the risk-sharing that crop insurance offers is undoubtedly attractive, commercial insurance companies would not participate if they were really sharing risk. Surely, there are better options for protecting farmers — in the US and elsewhere.
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Hosszú hónapok, valójában a migrációs válság kezdete óta hangsúlyozom, hogy a határok védelmének nincs igazán jó alternatívája. Ezért nagy megelégedettséggel üdvözlöm a külső határaink megerősítésére irányuló európai bizottsági javaslatot. A határellenőrzés ugyanis minden migrációs politika elengedhetetlen feltétele.
A határok védelme elsősorban a tagállamokra hárul és rájuk kell hárulnia. Ezért alapos vizsgálat tárgyává kell tennünk azt a nagyon vitatott elképzelést, hogy az európai határőrség szuverén államok területére lépjen.
Ugyanakkor Európa nem maradhat sebezhető akkor sem, ha a schengeni államok nem képesek eredményesen védeni a határaikat. Ha elutasítjuk a Bizottság javaslatát, akkor egy másikat kell találnunk, de attól tartok, az is hasonlóan fájdalmas megoldás lesz.
Természetesen szintén kiemelkedő fontosságú az Egyesült Királysággal kapcsolatos ügy. A tagállamokkal folytatott konzultációim során minden érintett fél részéről jó szándékot tapasztaltam, de ez nem változtat azon, hogy a brit javaslat egyes részei elfogadhatatlannak tűnnek. Ugyanakkor, ha David Cameron miniszterelnöknek ma este sikerül meggyőznie az uniós vezetőket arról, hogy együtt képesek vagyunk megoldást találni mind a négy követeléscsomag tekintetében, akkor tényleges esélye van annak, hogy februárban megállapodás szülessen.
Végezetül a GMU-t illetően az a meglátásom, hogy még ha Európa számára jelenleg óriási megterhelést is okoz a migrációs válság, akkor sem halogathatjuk a szükséges reformok bevezetését. Ezen a csúcstalálkozón egyértelművé kell tenni, hogy a tagállamok készek-e meghozni a bankunióval és a gazdasági kormányzással kapcsolatos nehéz döntéseket.
Schon seit vielen Monaten, nämlich seit Beginn der Migrationskrise, habe ich darauf hingewiesen, dass es keine wirkliche Alternative zum Grenzschutz gibt. Und daher begrüße ich mit großer Befriedigung den Vorschlag der Europäischen Kommission, unsere Außengrenzen zu stärken, da die Kontrolle der Grenzen in der Tat eine conditio sine qua non einer jeden Migrationspolitik ist.
Für den Grenzschutz sind in erster Linie die Nationalstaaten zuständig - und sollten dies auch sein. Aus diesem Grund müssen wir uns mit dem sehr kontroversen Gedanken auseinandersetzen, dass europäische Grenzschutzbeamte das Hoheitsgebiet souveräner Staaten betreten.
Europa darf sich jedoch nicht weiter Gefahren aussetzen, nur weil Schengen-Staaten nicht in der Lage sind, ihre Grenzen wirksam zu schützen. Wenn wir den Vorschlag der Kommission ablehnen, müssen wir uns um eine andere Lösung bemühen, die – so fürchte ich – ebenso schmerzhaft sein wird.
Entscheidende Bedeutung kommt natürlich auch dem Thema des Vereinigten Königreichs zu. Die Konsultationen, die ich mit allen Mitgliedstaaten geführt habe, zeigen, dass alle Beteiligten guten Willens sind, was jedoch nichts an der Tatsache ändert, dass einige Teile des britischen Vorschlags inakzeptabel sind. Sollte es Premierminister Cameron allerdings heute Abend gelingen, die Staats- und Regierungschefs davon zu überzeugen, dass wir zusammen Lösungen für alle vier "Körbe" erzielen können, dann haben wir eine reelle Chance, im Februar zu einer Einigung zu gelangen.
Und schließlich die WWU. Selbst wenn die Migrationskrise derzeit das alles beherrschende Thema in Europa ist, können wir es uns nicht leisten, mit den notwendigen Reformen auf bessere Tage zu warten. Auf dem Gipfeltreffen sollte deutlich werden, ob die Mitgliedstaaten bereit sind, schwierige Entscheidungen zur Bankenunion und wirtschaftspolitischen Steuerung zu treffen.
Why don’t they want Belgian chocolates? Or Italian spaghetti?
Europe’s frustration is mounting over its slow, difficult trade negotiations with Japan. The 15th round of talks is coming in February next year, and Europe is hungry for signs that it is worth carrying on.
In October, Japan joined the US and 10 other nations in sealing the Trans-Pacific Partnership, which covers 40 per cent of the global economy. But there is little sign of that momentum carrying over into a quick deal with Europe.
Mauro Petriccione, Brussels’ chief negotiator with Japan, warned on Thursday that enthusiasm for an accord with the world’s third biggest economy could wane if the deal is not finalised next year.
“If we don’t make it in 2016, we’ll have to explain why, and we cannot exclude a resurgence of the scepticism towards the possibility of a new Japan-EU [free trade agreement] that we had before we started,” he told reporters. “It took us a long time to persuade sceptics that it was worth trying this. If they see that we don’t succeed in 2016, they will start asking themselves questions again.”
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