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Adrar Info - Le porte-parole du gouvernement mauritanien Sidi Mohamed Ould Maham a qualifié l’amendement de la constitution, de revendication...

Le dernier numéro du Magazine de géopolitique, Conflits, est consacré au Maghreb (n° 20, janvier-mars, disponible en kiosque (ou sur le site ici) pour 9,9 €).. J'ai l'honneur d'y signer un article qui fait le point des différentes institutions maghrébines ou incorporant des États maghrébins. A lire ci-dessous.

Comme beaucoup de régions, le Maghreb est traversé d’institutions internationales : comme souvent désormais, elles sont bien souvent peu pertinentes.

La première est évidement l’Union du Maghreb Arabe (UMA), créée en 1989 et réunissant les cinq Etats du Maghreb. Toutefois, elle n’a suscité aucune avancée concrète et elle reste bloquée à cause du conflit du Sahara Occidental et donc de la dispute entre l’Algérie et le Maroc. Il s’agit finalement de l’organisation sous-régionale africaine qui est la plus bloquée, alors que les cinq pays ont déjà une civilisation en commun et qu’une intégration économique régionale permettrait un développement important de la zone. Il faut citer l’ONU, présente dans la zone au travers de la MINURSO au Sahara occidental mais aussi de son rôle en Libye.

Institutions arabo-musulmanes

Les pays du Maghreb partagent énormément de fondements culturels et civilisationnels. Pourtant, aucune des institutions du monde arabo-musulman ne leur a donné réellement satisfaction pour développer leurs échanges.

Les cinq pays maghrébins sont membres de la Ligue arabe, qui a été créée en 1945. La Libye rejoint l’organisation en 1953, la Tunisie et le Maroc dès 1958 à la fin du protectorat, l’Algérie en 1962 dès son indépendance, la Mauritanie enfin en 1973. Il ne faut pas méconnaître cependant le sentiment de supériorité des pays du Machrek envers ceux du Maghreb, même si le siège de la Ligue a été installé à Tunis de 1979 à 1990. Si le panarabisme a eu un rôle politique important au cours de la Guerre froide, il est aujourd’hui en panne, les pays arabes peinant à trouver des convergences politiques.

Aussi quelques pays signent en 2001 l’accord d’Agadir (Égypte, Jordanie, Maroc et Tunisie, rejoints par Liban et Palestine en 2016) qui crée une zone de libre-échange arabe. Il entre en vigueur en 2007 et est soutenu par l’UE. Cependant, des difficultés demeurent et il peine à croître. Il s’agit d’une version réduite du Conseil de l’unité économique arabe, créée en 1957 dans le cadre de la Ligue arabe et qui n’a pas donné de résultats. L’organisation de la coopération islamique (OCI) a été créée en 1969 à l’instigation de l’Arabie Saoudite. Les 5 pays maghrébins en sont membres fondateurs. Toutefois, cette organisation religieuse mais aussi politique et culturelle n’est pas un grand cadre de coopération intra-maghrébine

Institutions méditerranéo-européennes

Les pays du Maghreb se sont d’abord tournés vers le nord de la Méditerranée et notamment les pays européens. Les anciennes puissances coloniales de la zone (Espagne, France, Italie) conservent en effet de profonds intérêts. Mais au-delà des nombreux accords bilatéraux, les initiatives institutionnelles donnent peu satisfaction.

Le partenariat Euromed, ou processus de Barcelone, a été créé en 1995 et inclut un certain nombre de pays méditerranéens, dont Algérie, Maroc et Tunisie, ainsi que la Mauritanie depuis 2007 (la Libye a un statut d’observateur). Il constitue le volet méditerranéen de la politique européenne de voisinage (PEV). L’UE distribue ainsi quelques aides financières aux pays bénéficiant d’un statut avancé (Maroc et Tunisie). Le processus de Barcelone a été « renforcé » à partir de 2008 avec la création de l’Union pour la Méditerranée, réunissant tous les pays de l’UE et les pays riverains (la Libye est observateur). Un certain nombre de programmes sont labellisés (transport, énergie, économie bleue, etc…) mais il est à la fois très institutionnel et peu centré sur les problématiques particulières du Maghreb.

Pour justement se concentrer sur la Méditerranée occidentale, les cinq pays de l’UMA ainsi que les cinq riverains du nord (Espagne, France, Italie, Malte, Portugal) créent en 1990 le dialogue 5+5. Les conversations régulières portent sur des sujets sectoriels (intérieur, transports, défense, migrations, finance, enseignement…). Là encore, il s’agit de rencontres formelles avec peu d’effets concrets.

Le dialogue méditerranéen est le partenariat de l’Alliance atlantique dédié « au sud » : y participent l’Algérie, le Maroc, la Mauritanie et la Tunisie (ainsi que d’autres pays du pourtour : Égypte, Israël, Jordanie). Créé en 1995 (l’Algérie ne l’a rejoint qu’en 2000), il n’a pas instauré une dynamique collective et les quelques actions sont principalement bilatérales (OTAN + 1).

Institutions africaines

C’est pourquoi on observe une sorte de mouvement vers l’Afrique. Les cinq sont membres de l’Union Africaine, maintenant que le Maroc à rejoint l’organisation en 2017, après l’avoir quittée en 1984. Le plus intéressant demeure pourtant la question des organisations sous-régionales. Ainsi de la Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEDEAO) créée en 1975 (PIB de 817 G$, population de 360 Mh). Avec son retour dans l’UA, le Maroc a demandé dès 2017 l’adhésion à la CEDEAO. Celle-ci a donné son accord de principe mais les modalités de détail traînent. La Mauritanie qui en était membre a quitté l’organisation en 2000 mais a signé un accord d’association en 2017. On observe que la constitution d’un grand bloc commercial à l’ouest de l’Afrique constituerait un puissant facteur de développement, une fois la question de la monnaie résolue.

Le Marché commun de l'Afrique orientale et australe aussi connu sous son acronyme anglais COMESA, a été fondé en 1994 et inclut depuis 2005 la Libye et 2018 la Tunisie (des négociations sont en cours avec l’Algérie). Il s’agit d’un marché commun (677 G$ et 475 Mh). Pour mémoire, citons la Communauté des États sahélo-sahariens (CEN-SAD) a été créée en 1998. Elle comprend 29 États dont les pays maghrébins sauf l’Algérie. Elle a pour ambition d’établir une union économique globale mais aussi de développer les réseaux de transport. On voit ainsi se constituer des blocs sud-sud. Alors que l’histoire et la géographie militent pour une intégration latérale entre les cinq pays du Maghreb, le blocage de l’UMA et une certaine négligence européenne incitent les États maghrébins à développer des stratégies autonomes, principalement en direction du sud, avec un satellite occidental (Maroc et Mauritanie vers la CEDEAO) et un autre oriental (Libye et Tunisie vers la COMESA). Les stratégies sont d’abord économiques mais aussi sécuritaires (notamment le sujet de la coopération sur la question des migrations : on rappelle ici que la Mauritanie appartient au G5 Sahel). L’Algérie reste un peu isolée dans ce mouvement général.

Olivier Kempf dirige la lettre stratégique La Vigie (www.lettrevigie.com). Il a publié « Au cœur de l’islam politique » (UPPR, 2017).

Afrimag - Le président mauritanien Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz a finalement tranché : il ne sera pas candidat pour un troisième mandat ! La...

In this week’s selection of Premium articles we consider the wisdom and folly of strategies pursued by political elites, parties or the odd fugitive in the Balkans and beyond. 

Après Patrick Küng, le ski suisse va-t-il perdre encore un crack? Tombé mardi sur la Streif, le Grison est rentré en Suisse.

Kenyan student Bryson Mwamburi was held overnight after surviving the Dusit hotel complex attack.

Verrückt: GC-Verteidiger Doumbia, Stammgast im Flop-Team von BLICK, wechselt in die Liga des Weltmeisters. Noch verrückter: Die Ablöse soll 3,4 Mio Fr. betragen. BLICK deckt die wahren Zahlen auf.

DRAFT RECOMMENDATION on the draft Council decision on the conclusion, on behalf of the European Union and its Member States, of a Protocol to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the State of Israel, of the other part, to take account of the accession of the Republic of Croatia to the European Union
Committee on Foreign Affairs
Cristian Dan Preda

Source : © European Union, 2019 - EP

Afin de débloquer les négociations en suspens depuis deux ans entre la Suisse et la Malaisie, le ministre de l'économie a proposé de s'inspirer de l'accord avec l'Indonésie.

By Staff Correspondent
Jan 24 2019 (IPS-Partners)

(The Daily Star, Bangladesh) – As many as 418 children were murdered in the country last year, up by 23.30 percent from the previous year, says a report by Bangladesh Shishu Adhikar Forum.

In 2017, at least 339 children were killed, mentions the report titled “State of Child Rights in Bangladesh 2018” unveiled in the capital’s Dhaka Reporters Unity yesterday.

Analysing the reasons behind the killings, it found that in most cases, children were murdered over trivial matters, family or conjugal dispute, dowry, extramarital affair and enmity.

In some cases, children were beaten to death over trifles or on false allegations of theft. There were incidents in which a parent killed his or her child and then committed suicide, BSAF Director Abdus Shahid Mahmood said while releasing the report.

The findings are based on media reports published in 15 national dailies.

It said 4,566 children fell victim to different types of incidents last year, up by 18.75 percent from the previous year. The number was 3,845 in 2017.

Incidents of child rape fell by 3.71 percent last year when 571 children were raped. The number was 593 in 2017, the report pointed out.

The country saw verdicts in 31 child murder cases and 50 cases over child rape last year, said the BSAF director.

“This reflects a sign of impunity and lengthy trial process in incidents of violence against children,” he said.

Apart from murder, suicide, road crash and drowning were among the main causes of death of children last year, according to the report.

Sharing the findings, Shahid said 627 children were killed in road accidents last year, up by 75.63 percent from the previous year.

Besides, 606 children drowned last year. The number was 391 in 2017.

Forty-six children died due to wrong treatment by doctors and negligence of the authorities concerned. The number was 35 in 2017, the report said.

Last year, 812 children fell victim to sexual violence, including rape, — a 9.71 percent fall from 2017 when 894 children faced such incidents, according to the BSAF.

A total of 262 children suffered violence and torture, including corporal punishment, last year, compared to 271 in 2017.

It said 233 children went missing and 150 others were abducted last year. Of those kidnapped, 136 were rescued.

In 2017, at least 177 children were abducted, and 188 others went missing. Of the abductees, 98 were rescued.

Moreover, 396 children were injured in different incidents, including road accidents and attempted murder last year. The number was 231 in 2017.

The report also mentioned that 38 incidents of child marriage were reported last year, and at least 134 children averted it, thanks to government intervention.

BSAF Chairperson Khawaja Shamsul Huda said the actual number of incidents of violence against children could be higher as many such incidents go unreported.

The BSAF urged the government to take effective measures to ensure speedy trial of incidents of violence against children, exemplary punishment of the culprits and quick implementation of the verdicts.

It said parents should be more cautious to stop sexual violence against children.

The forum also called upon development organisations to strengthen their awareness campaigns to check violence against children.

Addressing the programme as the chief guest, National Human Rights Commission Chairman Kazi Reazul Hoque said the commission was not satisfied with the overall status of child safety in the country despite progress in some areas.

Violence against children cannot continue this way, he said.

“We want an end to child marriage in the country. We want that no child will become a victim of rape.”

Reazul stressed the need for setting up a directorate and a national commission to deal with issues of child rights.

He also urged the government to formulate rules in line with the Children Act 2013 and the Child Marriage (Restraint) Act 2017.

Sharmeela Rassool, chief technical adviser of the UNDP’s Human Rights Programme, said about 1.3 million children have been involved in hazardous work in Bangladesh.

Efforts should be made to improve their condition, she added.

This story was originally published by The Daily Star, Bangladesh

The post Child murder up by a quarter appeared first on Inter Press Service.

Le Monde Afrique - « Make Africa Safe ». C’est sous ce titre, en anglais et en russe, que Rosobonexport, l’agence russe d’exportation...

Illustration: Noor Us Safa Anik

By Aaqib Hasib and Momotaz Rahman Megha
Jan 24 2019 (IPS-Partners)

(The Daily Star, Bangladesh) – The past decade has seen progress being made for movements to support equality. The #MeToo and Time’s Up movements helped start conversations within the general public worldwide on the topics of sexual harassment and misogyny.

The power of conversation helped bring into the mainstream the many problems women face on the daily – in their social lives, workplaces, and even their homes. Activists who came forward to speak against the many incidents of sexism and sexual harassment have been essential to the fightback against the systematic misogyny that is embedded into our culture and societies.

When exploring the topic of systematic misogyny, we were able to learn just how ingrained it is in our daily lives. Women face misogyny in almost every aspect of their lives, and the only way to combat something that is part of the basic system of how our societies operate, is to raise awareness on the different dimensions of a woman’s life where she is discriminated. Raising awareness is only the first step; it will help further shape the conversation towards a future where women are treated equally.

MISOGYNY AT HOME

Being a woman is tough. The streets are filled with unwanted stares and catcalling. But sometimes a woman doesn’t even need to exit the safety of her own home to come face to face with a form of misogyny. Sometimes it is at the hands of their parents and siblings, and sometimes relatives, that they witness misogyny rear its ugly head.

When asked about her experience, second-year university student Tasnia Alam* shared, “I’ve been criticised for not being fair, for not being tall, or not ‘feminine’ enough. I’ve been subjected to body shaming for as long as I can remember by my mother and some of my relatives. There is a constant feeling of never being treated with the same respect as my brother and I’ve come to make my peace with it. And even though, to cope, I’ve created a world of my own outside of my family, which motivates me to be who I want to be, no matter how empowered I become, I feel like there will always be this stinging feeling of never being accepted and cherished by my own family.”

If the parents are concerned with the behaviour of their daughters rather than that of society, we need to re-evaluate our priorities. The entire blame doesn’t fall on our parents’ generation, instead the situation is a by-product of cultural upbringing.

MISOGYNY IN SOCIAL GROUPS

Women often find themselves discriminated by even their closest friends. When asked about systematic misogyny that she face in her social groups, Odhora Islam*, a university student, said, “Back when I was in kindergarten, my school thought it was okay for them to make the girls take dance classes while the boys were allowed to go for sports. The girls in my class, including myself, who showed immense interest in outdoor sports, were never allowed to attend these classes with the boys, because according to the school, we were ‘too weak’.”

Exposure to such social constructs from an early age shapes the way our mentalities evolve. It isn’t uncommon to see misogynistic comments being passed in friend groups, only to be considered and then shrugged off as a joke. Sometimes we even have friends who promote feminism and equality, but are unaware how certain comments that they make are a contradiction to their support for women.

Thus, combating misogyny will often require you to go up against the people that are close to you. Some educational institutions also have to stop associating subjects such as Home Economics as a degree or course designed specifically for women. Instead, they should open their doors for women to partake in whichever academic pursuit they wish to.

MISOGYNY AMONG WOMEN

Misogyny at the hands of other women is a common sight in our societies. The way in which our societies have developed over the course of history is the prime cause of women being misogynistic towards other women.

Another university student, Antara Kabir* had this to say on the matter: “I find myself in these situations repetitively. Whether I am dressing in more Western clothes, or working long hours at a job that requires me to stay out late, I’ve heard my neighbour make comments about me being too ‘modern’ and that I am a disgrace to my parents. Hearing such comments from another woman hurts more, as I believe we should be supporting each other rather than engaging in petty backbiting.”

However, even though societies tend to dictate certain gender stereotypes for women, when someone breaks out of these social constructs, it’s extremely important to see it as a step forward for women. Whenever a woman breaks through a glass ceiling, it becomes a step towards empowerment for women everywhere; empowered women help in empowering other women, thus helping society to evolve as well.

MISOGYNY AT WORKPLACE

Misogyny in the workplace isn’t a newfound phenomenon. Women in the workplace are more often than not shown a lack of respect, mostly when compared to how a man is treated. Similar to the problems faced by women in social groups, the same gender stereotypes exist here as well. Men in the workplace often leave women out of certain work-related activities, mainly due to their assumptions about women’s capabilities based on pre-existing gender stereotypes.

When asked about the issue of exclusion, Maliha Ahmed Khan*(24), working in the development sector, said, “Usually the discrimination comes in the form of exclusion, especially from certain activities and roles. For example, a woman might not be assigned a task, like going to a remote area for fieldwork, that she is capable of doing simply because it is assumed that the role is more suited for males.”

All of the women we talked to suggested similar measures to combat the problems and discrimination that they face on a daily basis — being there for women to raise their own voices and stand up for their rights, as they are equally as capable as the men they work alongside.

MISOGYNY IN RELATIONSHIPS

Relationship dynamics are often seen to be dictated by misogynistic ideologies. Misogynistic partners will typically display signs of micro-managing, because they need to feel that they are in control of the relationship. It is their belief that women are incapable of taking and being in control. Their misogyny might be displayed in small decisions, like them choosing where to go on a date or which movie to watch, even when their significant others or wives may have stated their own choice. They will justify making decisions all the time by saying that they do it better than you, because you area woman and therefore indecisive and bad at decision-making. This is a direct reflection of the superiority complex that misogynists thrive on.

A misogynistic partner is also likely to devalue the success of their female partners, because things in which women excel are of less importance than the things which they do. This is one of the main reasons why being a “housewife” is seen as a job that has no value to it. Women are also likely to be blamed for anything and everything that goes wrong in the relationship, because misogynists assume women mess up because they are sentimental and unprofessional.

Anika Tabassum* shares from her personal experience, “In the beginning I thought his controlling attitude was a gesture of love, and that he didn’t want me to worry about things, and so he did them himself. However, the more time we spent together, the more I understood how little he actually thought of me. He started labelling all of my opinions as wrong. He treated me like a child, who has no idea about how the world works.”

There is often no fix for misogynistic partners. Trying to hold on to such toxic relationships only makes life harder for women, and it becomes an endless cycle, with them trying to justify the actions of their partners. And the more time women spend trying to cut them some slack, the more they feel that they have power over a woman and her actions. If you are a woman with a misogynistic partner, it’s high time you stop justifying their irrational behaviour; misogynists don’t need excuses made for them, instead put your foot down and move on.

When asked about how women can rise up and fight against the many forms of misogyny they face, Afsana Islam, Assistant Professor at the Department of Women and Gender Studies in University of Dhaka, explained, “Sexism is an ideology under the shelter of patriarchy which helps to uphold misogyny and creates impediments to women’s empowerment. We have to work on the factors behind them. Firstly, women have to be self-confident. Secondly, women should gain adequate knowledge and awareness about their rights. And thirdly, engaging men and boys from the early in their childhood to change cultural misconception is vital to solving the problem. Men’s awareness and involvement is also a necessity to overcome misogyny.”

The way the world views women is slowly changing, and it’s our responsibility to get behind this change and help it climb up the slope of misogyny, for a future where men and women are treated equally is essential.

While some topics allow for everyone to have their personal opinion and perspective, the case regarding misogynistic treatment is not the same. There is no dialogue for opposition, because when the issue becomes one that denies women their fundamental and basic human rights, it no longer has any further option for discourse.

*Names have been changed to protect the privacy of the individuals

Aaqib loves petting doggos. Send him pictures of your ”good boys” at aaqibhasib94@gmail.com

Megha is probably going to be a dropout of university. If you think you are going to do the same, you can find her at megharahman26@gmail.com and share your thoughts.

This story was originally published by The Daily Star, Bangladesh

The post Combatting Systematic Misogyny appeared first on Inter Press Service.

Traum und Sinnsuche sind die grossen Themen an den 54. Solothurner Filmtagen. Bundesrat Alain Berset ist am Donnerstag in seiner Eröffnungsrede in der Solothurner Reithalle mit einer Neuigkeit aus der Traumfabrik Hollywood eingestiegen.

ALGER – Six (6) personnes ont trouvé la mort et 306 autres ont été blessées dans 263 accidents de route survenus du 15 au 21 janvier en zones urbaines, a indiqué, jeudi, un bilan des services de la sûreté nationale.

Par rapport aux statistiques enregistrées la semaine dernière, le bilan fait ressortir une baisse sensible du nombre d’accidents (-8), de blessés (-55) et de décès (-4). Le facteur humain demeure la principale cause de ces accidents à plus de 90 %, en raison du non respect de la distance de sécurité, l’excès de vitesse, la fatigue et le manque de concentration lors de la conduite, a ajouté la même source.

La Direction générale de la sûreté nationale (DGSN) appelle les usagers de la route à la prudence et au respect du code de la route, et les invite à procéder au contrôle périodique de leurs véhicules, notamment suite aux intempéries enregistrées ces derniers jours. La DGSN rappelle aux citoyens le numéro vert 1548 et le numéro de secours 17 mis à leur disposition 24h/24h.

The post Accidents de la route : 6 morts et 306 blessés en une semaine appeared first on .

A jövőben Simon Miklós irányítja a világ- és Európa-bajnok kajakos, Takács Tamara edzéseit.

Az ellenzék ismét megpróbálja leváltani Andrej Dankót (SNS), a parlament elnökét. Az SaS és a többi ellenzéki párt elegendő aláírást gyűjtött össze egy rendkívüli parlamenti ülés indítványozásához.

Le conseiller fédéral en charge des affaires étrangères a affirmé que la Suisse avait besoin d'accords avec ses voisins européens.

Die Miss-Schweiz-Organisation konnte Jastina Doreen Riederer ihre Freistellung offenbar nicht persönlich mitteilen: Sie erfuhr es am Telefon von Radio Energy!

Oroszország mellett Kína és Törökország is a hivatalban lévő venezuelai elnököt, Nicolás Madurót támogatja a magát szerdán ideiglenes elnöknek kikiáltó Juan Guaidóval szemben, míg az USA és számos további ország az ellenzéki politikust ismerte el új elnöknek.