European Peace Institute / News

On Monday, September 17th, IPI in cooperation with the Norwegian Nobel Institute is pleased to invite you to a discussion on “The Nobel Peace Prize: Past, Present, and Future” featuring Dr. Asle Toje, a member of the Nobel Peace Prize Committee.

Remarks will begin at 1:15pm EST*

The Nobel Peace Prize is world-renowned as the most prestigious recognition of achievements in the pursuit of peace. This event will focus on the history of the prize, how it currently serves to contribute to the promotion of peace in today’s world and how it will do so in the future.

Asle Toje is the former Research Director at the Norwegian Nobel Institute in Oslo and a current member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. He is also an influential public intellectual and commentator. Since completing his PhD at Cambridge in 2006, Toje has lectured and taught at universities in Europe and beyond. His research focuses on the intersection of security studies and European studies. Among his scholarly works are America, the EU and Strategic Culture (2008); The European Union as a Small Power (2010); Neoclassical Realism in Europe (2012); and Will China’s Rise Be Peaceful? (2018).

The event will be moderated by Terje Rød-Larsen, President of IPI.

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On Monday, September 10th, IPI together with the Office of the President of the 72nd Session of the UN General Assembly are cohosting an interactive discussion with members from the Team of External Advisors to the President of the General Assembly.

Remarks will begin at 9:30am EST*

The Team of External Advisors to the President of the General Assembly is a pro bono group of sixteen globally respected individuals dedicated to multilateralism who have been remarkable in their service—both to their country and in the international arena. The team was formed with the aim of discussing and sharing views on strategic questions, including the scope and depth of the work and engagement of the UN, as well as the role of the General Assembly.

As the theme for the 72nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly was “Focusing on People: Striving for Peace and a Decent Life for All on a Sustainable Planet,” the Team focused on peace, conflict prevention, and mediation. At the event at IPI on September 10th, members of the Team will highlight ideas and recommendations that emerged from their discussions with the President of the General Assembly throughout his term. These discussions were summarized in the Final Report of the Team of External Advisors, which will be available at the event. The meetings covered a wide range of topics, including global political issues, multilateralism, sustaining peace, the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Agreement on climate change, human rights and human dignity, and the future and reform of the United Nations.

Welcoming Remarks:
Mr. Terje Rød-Larsen, President of the International Peace Institute

Opening Remarks:
H.E. Mr. Miroslav Lajčák, President of the 72nd Session of the General Assembly and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Slovakia

Session 1: The Future of a Rule-Based System: Multilateralism Under Threat

Speakers:
H.E. Mr. Francisco José Pereira Pinto de Balsemão, former Prime Minister of Portugal and Chairman of the Board of the group IMPRESA
Dr. Jeffrey Sachs, Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University and Special Adviser to the UN Secretary-General on the Sustainable Development Goals
Mr. Jean-Marie Guéhenno, former President and CEO of the International Crisis Group and former Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations
Mr. Nik Gowing, British Television Journalist and Co-author of Thinking the Unthinkable

Moderator:
Ms. Femi Oke, International Journalist and Co-founder of Moderate the Panel

Session 2: A Stronger General Assembly for a Stronger United Nations

Speakers:
H.E. Ms. Amina Mohamed, Cabinet Secretary for Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Kenya
H.E. Mr. Antonio Patriota, Ambassador of Brazil to Italy, former Foreign Minister of Brazil, and former Permanent Representative of Brazil to the UN
Professor Carlos Lopes, Professor at the University of Cape Town and former Executive Secretary of the UN Economic Commission for Africa

Moderator:
Mr. Nik Gowing, British Television Journalist and Co-author of Thinking the Unthinkable

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A new geopolitics of energy is transforming the Middle East and North Africa. Energy importing countries are turning into exporters, and exporter countries are relying more on energy-related imports. Liquefied natural gas has changed the nature of the game, and investment in renewable energy is at an all-time high.

Meanwhile, the flipside of energy abundance is water scarcity. No region in the world suffers from a greater dearth of water than the Middle East and North Africa.

Energy and water are essential to the functioning of modern societies. Competition for energy resources, the politicization of energy delivery, and threats to energy infrastructure can create international tensions and lead to instability. In times of conflict, scarce water resources and fragile water infrastructure can become weapons of war and targets of attack. On the other hand, water diplomacy and energy cooperation can lead to greater economic integration, sustainable development, and long-term peace and stability.

The challenges for the region are all well known. What is less known is what comes next. How can the region find a new mix of cooperation?

This was the main question addressed at the fifth annual IPI Salzburg Forum: “Beyond Oil and Water: A New Mix of Cooperation in the Middle East,” held from September 2-4, 2018 at the Schloss Leopoldskron in Salzburg, Austria.

Improved regional cooperation will be essential to the development of any concrete response to the transnational problems affecting the Middle East and North Africa. The key will be to build upon what works. Can cooperation over water help to point the way forward? Could the changing context of energy security lead to opportunities for improved regional cooperation? Or will geopolitical divisions continue to limit the region’s ability to fulfill its natural comparative advantages?  

The two-day gathering, conducted under the Chatham House rule of non-attribution, brought together former prime ministers and foreign ministers, diplomats, journalists, academics, experts on the Middle East and Europe, and representatives of civil society. The meeting included an introductory working dinner, which featured a keynote address by Danilo Turk, former president of Slovenia. Participants also observed one minute of silence for the late UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, a close colleague of many in attendance, who passed away on August 18th.

The following day included three discussion sessions and an interactive visual presentation.

The first session, titled “The New Geopolitics of Energy and Water,” painted the big picture of geopolitics related to energy and water today. Alternative energy and new modes of extraction; liquified natural gas; desalination; and access to energy supplies were all discussed.

Session two, “Energy and Security: Cooperation or Conflict?”, addressed whether competition for resources will continue to threaten global political stability, or if the global transition to a new energy economy could provide the basis for new forms of cooperation, especially in the MENA region. Energy demand is growing, as is the means of production. Renewable energy is the fastest growing source, but still relatively small. Demand for oil and other liquid fuels is expected to continue expanding, driven by population growth and increased wealth in Asia and Africa. Competition is fierce as countries seek to access natural resources and tap new markets, in part to power expanding electrical grids.

In the third session, “Water Politics and the Pathways to Peace,” participants discussed the potential role of water in preventing conflict in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Recently, rapid population growth, increased rural-to-urban migration, and the physical effects of climate change have further exacerbated the region’s historic water scarcity. A large portion of the region‘s water resources are shared by more than one country through transboundary aquifers or surface water. Water, therefore, plays a critical role in relations between and within states in the region.

Access to water requires cooperation. Yet, across all sessions, many speakers expressed concern in the lagging interest in multilateralism, as countries prefer to go it alone or work bilaterally.

Europe’s cooperation on the Rhine river was offered as an example to demonstrate the importance of multilateral institutions for water. Participants cited the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, Europe’s oldest international organization, which emerged from common values and has regulated navigation, fisheries, pollution, and construction on the river since the late 1800s. All of these factors presented the potential for conflict, but diplomacy, a sound legal basis, monitoring & assessment, and public participation overcame it. The positive example of the Senegal River basin was also discussed.

While the conference title embraced both oil and water, it was water which dominated the discussions, perhaps because, as one speaker said, there is “already an emerging system of cooperation” on gas and oil. No war regarding water has resulted in a situation that is better,” one speaker stressed. “It furthers problems for all concerned.”

Several speakers noted that investment in water is not high enough up in the list of national priorities. “Infrastructure, energy, and education are all invested in before water,” one speaker said. This is especially problematic given water issues cut across all of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). None of the education or development SDGs will be met by 2030 without water, several participants stressed. “We speak often about alternatives to energy,” one speaker said, “but there is no alternative to water.”

Trying to pinpoint what has made this issue so difficult to address, one speaker explained, “Water takes political will.” One reason it is essential to start this conversation now is because scarcity is being exacerbated by climate change, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Illustratively, the Jordan River basin provided the Dead Sea more than 1 trillion cubic liters of water in the 1960s. Today the amount is less than 10% of that. There is a “dire need for improvement,” one speaker said, noting many environmental consequences.

To that end, there are some really impressive scientific and technological advances being made. Participants discussed Singapore’s recycled sewage water, which was supported by a campaign for public acceptance that even saw its Prime Minister drink from a water bottle of purified urine to end the societal stigma. Saudi Arabia, the largest desalinator of water in the world, meets its populations’ water needs with cutting edge technology. This is essential given the lack of rivers and minimal rainfall on the Arabian Peninsula. Even more high tech proposals, such as tapping air to produce H2O, are in their infancy stages.

But sometimes, a more low-tech solution is just as functional. For years, Guatemalans and other Latin Americans have harvested fog for water using relatively simple mesh structures. Zarith Pineda, an Architectural and Urban Designer based at Columbia University, shared her interactive presentation, “No Man’s Land: A Water Commons.” She proposed the use of such fog-harvesting structures to meet the daily water needs of refugees in the northeastern border zone between the Syrian and Jordanian berms. She estimated that just a $110,000 investment could build what is needed to provide water to the area’s refugee population of 77,000.

As for oil, the shale revolution boosted US natural gas production from 1% to 50%. What then, are the geopolitical consequences of the US as a major producer of oil and “new energy superpower?” It certainly has implications for Russia, now facing competition for the European market. It was also noted that Iran is a “wildcard” in the natural gas market, as it has the potential to be a major exporter of oil, though it is currently limited by sanctions.

Another speaker urged participants to develop contingency plans for “what if” scenarios related to the resources discussed, including how terrorist groups could target oil fields or poison water resources.

The discussion broadly centered on solutions for the MENA region, as it was the focus of the conference. But as one speaker remarked, participants should remember that the “water crisis is a humanity crisis, and it could happen anywhere.”

Among the speakers and panelists were Danilo Türk, former President of Slovenia; Mahmoud Gebril, Former Prime Minister of Libya; Fuad Siniora Former Prime Minister of Lebanon; Amre Moussa, Former Secretary-General of the Arab League; Abdelelah AlKhatib, Former Foreign Minister of Jordan; Mustafa Ismail Elamin, Former Foreign Minister of Sudan; Prince Turki Al Faisal, Chairman of the King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies; Snežana Samardžić-Marković, Director-General for Democracy, The Council of Europe; Vuk Žugić, Co-ordinator for Economic and Environmental Affairs, OSCE; Agnia Grigas, Senior Fellow, Atlantic Council; Christian Strohal, Special Ambassador, Permanent Mission of Austria to the OSCE; Léna Salamé, Trustee, Water Witness International & Geneva Water Hub; Bai-Mass Taal, Former Chair, African Ministers’ Council on Water.

Speaking for IPI were its President, Terje Rød–Larsen; Vice President, Adam Lupel; Director of the IPI MENA Office, Nejib Friji; and Senior Adviser, Nasra Hassan.

On Wednesday, September 5th, IPI together with the Al-Babtain Foundation are cohosting a policy forum during the annual UN High-Level Forum entitled “The Culture of Sustaining Peace.” This event seeks to provide input into the high-level forum by building upon the Declaration and Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace adopted by the UN General Assembly in Resolution 53/243 in 1999.

Remarks will begin at 1:15pm EST*

Thanks in part to high-level discussions at the 72nd session of the UN General Assembly, 2018 has seen marked progress in understanding what it takes to sustain peace. Increasingly, international actors and analysts are looking at the positive elements of peace. Instead of asking, “What causes war and how can we fight it?” people are asking, “What makes a peaceful society and how can we build and sustain it?”. Exploring the connections between culture, peace, security, and development is key to answering this question.

In the multilateral system, the concept of the “culture of peace” originated in 1992 in a program of the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The concept of “sustaining peace” came out of the 2015 Advisory Group of Experts Review of the Peacebuilding Architecture and was affirmed in dual resolutions by the UN General Assembly and Security Council on peacebuilding and sustaining peace in 2016. How do these two concepts relate? How can they work together? On the sidelines of the 2018 High-Level Forum on the Culture of Peace, participants at this policy forum will discuss the connections between these two agendas and how they can be used to advance peace worldwide.

Welcoming Remarks:
Hon. Kevin Rudd, Former Prime Minister of Australia, Chair of the IPI Board of Directors

Opening Remarks:
H.E. Mr. Miroslav Lajčák, President of the UN General Assembly
Mr. Abdul Aziz Saud Al-Babtain, Director and Founder of the Al-Babtain Foundation

Speakers:
H.E. Mr. Masud Bin Momen, Permanent Representative of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh to the United Nations
H.E. Ms. Maria de Jesus dos Reis Ferreira, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Angola to the United Nations (TBC)
Mr. Fabrizio Hochschild, Assistant Secretary-General for Strategic Coordination, United Nations Executive Office of the Secretary-General
Ms. Rosa Emilia Salamanca, Director of the Corporación de Investigación y Acción Social y Económica (CIASE)

Moderator:
Hon. Kevin Rudd, Former Prime Minister of Australia, Chair of the IPI Board of Directors

Dynamic geopolitical shifts directly impact European countries’ perceptions of, and re-engagement with, UN peacekeeping, while broader international security threats are likely to influence how Europe engages with UN peacekeeping in the coming years.

In this context, the International Peace Institute’s (IPI) 2018 Vienna Seminar examined diverse perspectives on present and future European engagement in UN peacekeeping. It assessed lessons and experiences that could help better understand Europeans’ collective impact on the effectiveness of UN operations and strived to identify different roles European countries can assume in supporting the UN to tackle contemporary challenges across peacekeeping.

The 2018 seminar marked the forty-eighth iteration of IPI’s annual event and built upon the Vienna Seminar’s legacy of grappling with pressing concerns for UN peacekeeping. Participants discussed a range of interconnected issues concerning European engagement in UN peacekeeping, ranging from examining the nature of contemporary peacekeeping operations and the impact of global and European geopolitical shifts to identifying the modalities and impact of recent European contributions to specific UN missions.

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Scenario-based learning for senior leadership teams in UN field missions can greatly improve strategic thinking, decision making, and crisis management in increasingly uncertain operational environments. IPI’s Scenario-Based Learning for Senior Leadership project therefore aims to develop eight training scenarios to be used by senior leadership in peace operations. To integrate these scenarios into existing training being undertaken by the United Nations, the International Peace Institute (IPI) and the UN Integrated Training Service (ITS) within the Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Department of Field Support hosted a closed-door roundtable on July 11, 2018, as part of a continued collaboration between IPI and ITS.

Specifically, the event focused on the idea of developing an in-mission leadership retreat as a means of supporting current leadership teams approach challenges environments, the viability of such an idea, and practicalities involved. The meeting resulting in five main takeaways:

• Teambuilding is an important priority for senior leaders.
• Training is most relevant and needed in anticipation of transition or change.
• Leadership within the UN is different than in other contexts, and these differences should be stressed in training.
• Topics covered in trainings should be tailored to the needs and requirements of each mission.
• In-mission training for senior leadership needs support from UN headquarters.

This event forms part of IPI’s project on Scenario-Based Learning for Senior Leadership Teams in UN Field Missions. Within this project, IPI, with support from the Government of Canada, is developing eight scenario-based-learning modules over the course of this year for UN leadership teams in field missions, as well as for tabletop exercises in UN headquarters and capitals. IPI believes that scenario-based learning for senior leadership teams in UN field missions can greatly improve strategic thinking, decision making, and crisis management in increasingly uncertain operational environments. IPI’s Scenario-Based Learning for Senior Leadership project therefore aims to develop eight training scenarios to be used by senior leadership in peace operations. The modules, which include addressing instances of sexual exploitation and abuse, difficult host-state relations, protection of civilians, a security crisis, issues of election support, among others, reflect real-world challenges that confront senior UN leadership teams in most missions. The modules will also address the main leadership skills required for managing complex multidimensional missions.

The overall objective of IPI’s engagement with senior leadership training is to better equip senior leadership within UN missions to manage contemporary crises, lead teams, make decisions while being confronted with competing objectives and priorities, and effectively deliver the mandate of the United Nations. This will ultimately improve senior leadership training and foster team building within missions.

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Thursday, July 12, 1:15pm EST
Bringing Words to Life: How Are the SDGs Supporting Peace, Justice, and Inclusion?
This event focuses on early successes of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development—not only in regards to SDG 16 but across the agenda (SDG16+)—to foster peace, justice, and inclusion at the local and national level.

Watch Live Register to Attend

Monday, July 16, 1:15pm EST
Fostering Entrepreneurship & Innovation to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals
Taking place during the High-Level Political Forum, this event will discuss the role of entrepreneurship in realization of social and economic gains, and showcase success stories from entrepreneurs working on these issues.

Watch Live Register to Attend

Tuesday, July 17, 8:15am EST
Affordable Housing for All
This event examines ongoing and future government efforts to improve access to adequate housing, seeking to increase the awareness of UN member states of the challenges of housing from a more holistic perspective and their commitment to repositioning housing at the center of national development strategies.

Watch Live Register to Attend

Tuesday, July 17, 1:15pm EST
Reaching Internally Displaced Persons to Achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
In this event, participants will discuss the link between development policies and internal displacement by sharing tangible examples of actions that governments, civil society, and the international community are taking to help implement the SDGs by including IDPs.

Watch Live

Further Reading

Policy Reports and Issue Briefs:

• Advancing Sustainable Development between Conflict and Peace in Myanmar, by Mona Christophersen and Svein Erik Stave
• Pursuing Sustainable Development under Sectarianism in Lebanon, by Mona Christophersen
• A Greek Recipe for Overcoming Crises: Can the SDGs Be Used as Ingredients? by Jimena Leiva Roesch and Cheryl He
• Humanitarian Action and Sustaining Peace, by Alice Debarre
• Aligning Agendas: Drugs, Sustainable Development, and the Drive for Policy Coherence, by the International Expert Group on Drug Policy Metrics
• Toward a New Gambia: Linking Peace and Development, by Lesley Connolly and Cheryl He
• A New Way of Doing Business: Partnering for Sustainable Development and Peace, by Jimena Leiva Roesch, Stefanía Doebbel, and Masooma Rahmaty
• The SDGs and Prevention for Sustaining Peace: Exploring the Transformative Potential of the Goal on Gender Equality, by Delphine Mechoulan, Youssef Mahmoud, Andrea Ó Súilleabháin, and Jimena Leiva Roesch
• Entrepreneurship for Sustaining Peace, by Youssef Mahmoud, Anupah Makoond, and Ameya Naik

Global Observatory Articles:

• Development in Myanmar, Building Peace or Generating Conflict? by Mona Christophersen
• Sustainable Institutions Critical for Lebanon’s Sustainable Development, by Mona Christophersen
• Does Peace Always Produce Development? Guatemala Offers Some Clues, by Jimena Leiva Roesch and Mona Christophersen
• Is UN Goal 16 on Peace Being Misused to Justify Securitization? by Anna Möller-Loswick
• The Unaddressed Plight of Internally Displaced Persons, Alice Debarre
• The Gambia: An Ideal Case for Prevention in Practice, by Lesley Connolly

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On Tuesday, July 17th, IPI is hosting a policy forum event entitled “Reaching Internally Displaced Persons to Achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Remarks will begin at 1:15pm EST*

Internally displaced persons (IDPs) are among the most vulnerable people in the world. Many are forced to leave their belongings and their work behind, and their physical and mental health is often affected by the events that led to their displacement. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which pledges to “leave no one behind” and specifically mentions IDPs as a vulnerable group that must be empowered through efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), provides an opportunity to put the particular plight of IDPs back on the radar of the international community.

This year marks the twentieth anniversary of the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. This anniversary provides an opportunity to reflect on what needs to be done and to foster multi-year action aimed at protecting IDPs and preventing and solving internal displacement (as highlighted in the Multi-stakeholder Plan of Action for Advancing Prevention, Protection and Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons 2018–2020).

In this event, participants will discuss the link between development policies and internal displacement by sharing tangible examples of actions that governments, civil society, and the international community are taking to help implement the SDGs by including IDPs.

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On Tuesday, July 17th, IPI together with the Kingdom of Bahrain and co-organized by the Governments of Angola, Bulgaria, Malaysia, and Paraguay in collaboration with UN-Habitat and the UN Development Programme (UNDP), will cohost a policy forum event aimed at sharing experiences and strengthening political commitment to the provision of adequate housing for all.

Remarks will begin at 8:15am EST*

Opening remarks are anticipated from high-level UN officials and the event will feature remarks from ministerial-level heads of delegation from Angola, the Kingdom of Bahrain, Bulgaria, Malaysia, and Paraguay. These five countries, representing five different regions of the globe, are currently working with UN-Habitat and UNDP to strengthen housing policy frameworks and improve access to adequate and affordable housing. The collaboration of these five countries with UN-Habitat and UNDP is a unique example of a partnership seeking to catalyze efforts to achieve the SDGs.

The objective of this side event is to discuss ongoing and future government efforts to improve access to adequate housing and to achieve SDG Target 11.1: “By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services, and upgrade slums.” In addition, it aims to increase the awareness of UN member states of the challenges of housing from a more holistic perspective and their commitment to repositioning housing at the center of national development strategies.

Speakers:
Hon. Eng. Basim Bin Yacob AlHamer, Minister of Housing, Bahrain
Hon Ms. Ana Paula Chantre Luna de Carvalho, Minister of Territorial Planning and Housing, Angola
Hon. Mr. Nikolay Nankov, Minister of Regional Development and Public Works, Bulgaria
Hon. Ms. Maria Soledad Nunez Mendez, Executive Minister National Secretariat of Housing and Habitat, Paraguay
Hon. Ms. Zuraida Kamarudi, Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government, Malaysia

Moderator:
Mr. Warren Hoge, Senior Adviser for External Relations, International Peace Institute

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On Monday, July 16th, IPI together with the Kingdom of Bahrain, Tamkeen, Global Entrepreneurship Network (GEN) and the Kauffman Foundation are cohosting a policy forum on “Fostering Entrepreneurship & Innovation to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals.”

Remarks will begin at 1:15pm EST*

The role of the private sector is recognized throughout the 2030 Agenda and particularly in SDG 17 which highlights the need for an inclusive partnership. The 2030 Agenda explicitly calls on the private sector to use creativity and innovation to address sustainable development challenges.

The private sector is the key driver of economic development. A strong driver to achieving many of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) comes through the enablement of “Entrepreneurship”. Governments can greatly rely on the talent of innovators and entrepreneurs in the implementation of SDGs and to drive policy change to pave the way for break-through innovation. Government agencies, at all levels, play an important part in developing the right entrepreneurship eco-systems for their markets and cultures.

Taking place during the High-Level Political Forum, this event will discuss the role of entrepreneurship in realization of social and economic gains, and showcase success stories from entrepreneurs working on these issues.

Opening remarks:
Mr. Ahmed H. Janahi, Tamkeen
Ms. Safa Sharif, Tamkeen

Speakers:
Dr. Nasser Qaedi, Chief of Investment and Marketing, Tamkeen
Mr. Jonathan Ortmans, President, Global Entrepreneurship Network
Representative from Kauffman Foundation (TBC)

Moderator:
Dr. Youssef Mahmoud, Senior Adviser, International Peace Institute

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On Thursday, July 12th, IPI together with Saferworld are cohosting an expert-level event on, “Bringing Words to Life: How Are the SDGs Supporting Peace, Justice, and Inclusion?” The event will take place at IPI on the margins of the United Nations High Level Political Forum (HLPF).

Remarks will begin at 1:15pm EST*

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development—and its crosscutting commitments to build peaceful, just, and inclusive societies—offers an unprecedented opportunity to strengthen and transform preventive action. However, the 2030 Agenda risks being seen as a disconnected policy framework that does not help those working for peace, justice, and inclusion at the national or local level to bring about meaningful change. Therefore, it is critical to showcase experiences from around the world that demonstrate the value of the 2030 Agenda in supporting existing initiatives and action to build inclusive and transparent institutions and expand access to justice at all levels.

Taking place during the 2018 High-Level Political Forum, this event seeks to showcase early successes in using these commitments—not only in Sustainable Development Goal 16 but across the agenda (SDG16+)—to foster peace, justice, and inclusion at the local and national level. Participants will also discuss how the UN and member states can learn from these experiences and better support those seeking to make the most of the 2030 Agenda to promote positive peace. The event format will encourage greater participation from all in attendance.

Opening Remarks:
Sandra Pellegrom, Head of Development, Humanitarian Affairs and Human Rights, Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of Netherlands to the United Nations
Member-state representative (TBC)
Conversation Leads:
Abdijalil Afqarshe, Saferworld
Katy Thompson, UN Development Programme
Zainab Hassan, Somaliland Non-State Actors Forum
Dr. Abdulhammed Suliman, Peace Research Institute, University of Khartoum

Moderator:
Jimena Leiva Roesch, Research Fellow, International Peace Institute

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While narratives around the conflict in Mali often focus on violent extremism and terrorist threats, particularly targeted attacks against the United Nations mission in the country (MINUSMA), there are increasing concerns related to the protection of civilians from different types of threats. Following the Secretary-General’s Strategic Review of MINUSMA and amidst the mandate renewal of the mission on Thursday, June 28th, the International Peace Institute (IPI) convened a closed-door roundtable entitled “Civilians at Risk: Threats and Drivers of Mass Atrocity in Mali.”

Co-hosted with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), the conversation was moderated by IPI Vice President Adam Lupel and gathered more than 40 participants, including academics and researchers, UN officials, diplomats, and representatives from the NGO community. Panelists included Namie Di Razza (IPI), Mollie Zapata and Ibrahim Yahaya Ibrahim (USHMM), Samuel Gahigi (UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations), Bruno Charbonneau (Centre FrancoPaix, University of Quebec in Montreal), and Alexandre Diebolt (French Permanent Mission to the UN). The discussion sought to identify the types of threats and physical violence faced by civilians, and how local, national, and international actors could address the risk of atrocities in the country.

Trends and risks

Among the factors of violence against civilians in Mali, experts identified the weakness of the central government, resource competition, predatory state practices, the rise of self-defense groups, tensions between and within communities, and the limited attention given to justice in the peace process. At the regional and macro-level, experts pointed to other key drivers including illicit trafficking, jihadist insurgency, and counter-terrorism operations.

Violent extremism was described as a growing concern. The threats posed by jihadist groups can take insidious, subtle and sophisticated forms, and are mostly indirect—through the use of mines and improvised explosive devices (IEDs)—or targeted—through assassination or abduction of individuals accused of collaborating with Malian or international forces, or the harassment of communities resisting their control. On the other hand, counter-terrorism actors and their partners can also constitute a threat to civilians, due to collateral damage or, in certain cases, direct abuse of civilians perceived as colluding with terrorists. Experts highlighted issues of command and control among national security forces, which can lead to the commission of abuses by certain elements. Other threats to civilians include criminality and inter-communal tensions, which are aggravated in the context of radical extremism and counter-terrorism.

There was consensus among panelists that while all populations in Mali are potential victims of violence, the Fulani people are the most vulnerable, notably because of suspicions that they are either involved or in collusion with jihadist groups. Researchers identified two conflicts as particularly worrisome: tensions between Dogon and Fulani people in central Mali, and tensions between Tuareg and Fulani in the Ménaka region.

Participants highlighted the complexity of narratives in the country and the problematic use of labels and categories, some of which have a detrimental impact on the ground. Some suggested that framing the conflict as one of violent extremism and counter-terrorism may be doing more harm than good, as political motivations may underpin the usage of umbrella terms like “extremists” or “terrorists.” Others even noted that the use of rigid categories like “inter-communal violence” can do a disservice to analysis and conflict resolution efforts, especially when local communities attribute violence to ‘revenge’ or ‘settling of scores,’ rather than to “ethnic tensions.” Thus, experts stressed the importance of placing victims’ perspectives at the center of the analysis.

Exploring the protection of civilians (POC) toolkit in Mali

Recommendations included the need for counter-terrorism actors to refrain from collaborating with ethnically aligned self-defense militias and other armed groups with poor human rights records, and to further integrate POC in their military doctrine.

There was consensus that MINUSMA’s POC strategy must be further refined and adapted to a dramatically-evolving security context in central Mali and to the specific challenges posed by violent extremism. MINUSMA should diversify the use of tools at its disposal, including non-military protective approaches such as community engagement and dialogue, while balancing these with possible unintended consequences for civilians themselves, such as retribution killings or abductions of civilians suspected of talking with UN staff.

Panelists mentioned the possibility to further explore the UN’s added value in preventing violent extremism and to better link protection with political strategies. They also highlighted the need to improve strategic communication and public information to emphasize distinctions between MINUSMA and CT actors, in a delicate context of cooperation between all international actors.

Participants also pointed to the limitations of international interventions that would only focus on security, and highlighted the need to address grievances related to governance and justice. At the national level, efforts related to the “extension of state authority” will have to take into account the lack of trust towards the state among certain communities. Thus, some experts highlighted that while supporting the presence and extension of state authority in the country, considering the quality and utility of state services for the population will be key to address the root causes of instability.

At the local level, traditional chiefs and the prevalence of a moderate Islam among communities were identified as possible sources of resilience—unifying forces between and within communities. Researchers suggested that the Malian government should pursue reform more inclusively in the center of the country, while USAID, the European Union, and other development actors could further support peacebuilding programs that build on local resilience and leverage potential bridges among communities.

Experts were unequivocal that only a Malian-led dialogue could drive critical reforms for the country and its citizens. The UN, whose strategic priority is to support the implementation of the 2015 Agreement for Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, and other partners may provide assistance in linking local and national political processes. Participants agreed that a more inclusive national dialogue, which will require listening to, understanding, and incorporating local demands, is crucial to build sustainable peace.

The UN Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) completed its mandate on June 30, 2017, after more than thirteen years. One year later, the secretary-general is set to release his “comprehensive study of the role of UNOCI in the settlement of the situation” in the country. This presents an opportunity to examine the many stages or “lives” of a peacekeeping operation, something often overlooked.

This report aims not only to contribute to this learning process but also to go beyond the scope of the secretary-general’s study to examine the trajectory of UNOCI over the years. It provides a historical account of the various phases of the Ivorian crisis and examines how UNOCI evolved and adapted to the circumstances and how the Security Council dealt with the Ivorian dossier.

Based on this assessment, the report draws lessons from UNOCI for other peacekeeping missions. These include the challenges missions face when the consent of the host state is fragile, a permanent member of the Security Council is heavily involved, they have a mandate to certify elections, they take a robust approach to a crisis, they undertake both disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration and security sector reform processes, and the UN applies sanctions or arms embargoes.

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On June 24 and 25th, 2018, the UN Office for West Africa and the Sahel (UNOWAS), the International Peace Institute (IPI), the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA) of Switzerland, and the African Union’s Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism (ACSRT) organized the third regional conversations on the prevention of violent extremism: “Investing in Peace and Prevention of Violence in the Sahel-Sahara” in Algiers, with support from the Government of Algeria.

Formally opened by Abdelkader Messahel, Algerian Minister of Foreign Affairs, the third edition of the regional conversations gathered eighty participants from the Sahel-Sahara region (North Africa, West Africa, and Central Africa), including political leaders and parliamentarians, civil society representatives (women’s and youth groups in particular), traditional and religious authorities, media representatives (in their capacity as experts), and representatives from governments and regional and international organizations.

Because the drivers of violent extremism exist at the local, national, regional, and global levels, it is now recognized that responses must also intervene at various levels. Participants thus focused on identifying preventive structures to addressing violent extremism and its causes in the Sahel-Sahara.

Four preventive structures were discussed: civil society organizations, in particular those led by women and youth; media coverage; security and defense forces; and finally the contribution of culture, citizenship, and education for prevention. Participants worked to formulate recommendations for preventive actions that could be implemented by practitioners in the region both within states and through regional and subregional groupings, in some cases with support from the UN and other partners, including support to new or existing mechanisms, processes, and initiatives at the local, national or regional level.

Participants also considered ways in which citizens, states, and their regional and international partners can most effectively work toward preventing violent extremism at the national and regional levels, taking into account the challenges and opportunities of the global context.

A key message of these conversations was that it is “better to include than exclude, better to engage than shun, in all prevention efforts.” Another lesson was the importance of local action. The various findings and recommendations from the two days of work underlined the complexity of violent extremism, and stressed the need to include prevention initiatives in a holistic and pragmatic approach focused on achieving concrete results. The third Regional Conversations further emphasized the importance of sharing and supporting the various successful experiences in order to strengthen the preventive approach in the treatment of violent extremism.

The third edition of the conference built on discussions previously held in Dakar (2016) and N’Djamena (2017) and also organized by UNOWAS, IPI and the FDFA.

Read the joint press communiqué (in French).

A meeting note in French, English and Arabic will follow.

On June 20th, IPI partnered with Challenges Forum and the UN Police Division to host a closed door roundtable , supported by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) and Global Affairs Canada. This meeting, on the eve of the UN Chief of Police Summit, brought together police leaders, police advisers, and UN staff to discuss the changing role of police in peacekeeping operations and how police leadership can address these challenges. Participants discussed the integral role that police play in peace operations, and how this role can be further strengthened by addressing issues surrounding police leadership.

Police have an integral role in peace operations, and effective police leadership is key to missions achieving their mandate and building and sustaining peace. To further understand the challenges facing police leadership in the field, the International Peace Institute (IPI), Challenges Forum, and UN Police Division, with support from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) and Global Affairs Canada, organized a closed-door roundtable on June 20, 2018, on the eve of the UN Chiefs of Police Summit. This meeting brought together police leaders, police advisers, and UN staff to discuss the changing role of police in peacekeeping operations and how police leadership can address these challenges. Key takeaways from the discussion included the following:

• To prepare for handing over responsibility to state institutions, UN police need to build the capacity of national police—a task that goes beyond training and equipping, and one that is particularly challenging when the state has little presence. UN police must put in place an exit strategy, including clear benchmarks developed with the host country to ensure national ownership. They also need to serve as a model for national police by upholding human rights and maintaining discipline.
• Resources, including skill sets, need to be increased and matched with the needs of police. Deployments are often based not on need but on supply. Police leaders need to prepare for this lack of resources by having a clear political strategy to help them target a few key priorities rather than attempting to achieve all tasks simultaneously. Police leaders also need to coordinate with other sections and agencies working on similar tasks.
• As the first point of contact with communities, police are often responsible for local perceptions of the mission. When police are able to protect civilians and support national police in community policing, they can boost the legitimacy of the mission. But challenges arise when police are unable to deliver on their mandate or are perceived not to be delivering (e.g., due to unrealistic expectations). UN police need to communicate what they are there to do and what they can and cannot do and to use force correctly.
• The roles of the military and the police are different (e.g., police are often deployed long-term to build state capacity). But oftentimes, the senior leadership team is not clear about their distinct roles and responsibilities. This can be confusing and problematic if the military or police are asked to undertake tasks not within their role. Police leaders need to strongly communicate with the senior leadership team about their roles and to coordinate with the military component to ensure coherence and complementarity.
• Gender parity among UN police is needed to increase their capacity. Female police officers are particularly important to community policing. Police-contributing countries need to be encouraged to deploy female police officers, especially in remote areas national police cannot reach.
• Scenario-based training for senior leaders (pre-deployment or in-mission) can address gaps in knowledge, familiarize leadership with policies and standard operating procedures, and enhance coordination and communication between civilian, military, and police components. IPI has been developing training scenarios to build leadership skills for civilians, police, and military. These scenarios are meant to complement existing trainings such as those implemented by the UN Departments of Peacekeeping Operations and Field Support to address challenges facing leaders in-mission, including those unique to police leadership.

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On Friday, June 22nd, IPI together with United Nations University – Centre for Policy Research are cohosting an all-day policy seminar on “Governing Artificial Intelligence.”

Remarks will begin at 9:10am EST*

This event aims to foster an informed discussion on the global public policy implications of AI. What opportunities and challenges does AI hold for humanity? What public policy puzzles emerge from the development and deployment of AI globally and in different political, economic, and social contexts? What role, if any, does the United Nations have to play in helping governments, industry, and civil society worldwide solve these policy puzzles?

Speakers at this event will include leading experts and practitioners in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as well as senior representatives from, among others:
Google
Microsoft
IBM
Harvard University
United Nations
World Economic Forum

Download the agenda

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On Tuesday, June 19th, IPI together with the Institute for Economics and Peace are cohosting a policy forum to mark the release of the 12th edition of the Global Peace Index and discuss its value to the operationalization of sustaining peace.

Remarks will begin at 1:15pm EST*

The Global Peace Index (GPI) is the most comprehensive data-driven analysis to date on trends in peace. As the first analysis to methodically rank countries according to their levels of peacefulness and to identify potential determinants of peace, the GPI measures the peacefulness of 163 countries and territories, covering 99.7 percent of the world’s population. It is comprised of 23 indicators measuring the absence of violence across three domains: militarization, ongoing conflict, and societal safety and security. The report also includes a statistical analysis of “positive peace,” which is defined as the attitudes, institutions, and structures that empirically correlate to peace.

At this event, the key findings from the report will be examined, together with a closer examination of specific country-level findings. The discussion will also include analysis of the relationship between the measures of negative and positive peace included in the GPI, helping track national and global progress on achieving peace in various dimensions. Speakers will examine the potential implications of the findings for the sustaining peace agenda, providing a bridge between current policy discussions and data trends. The larger goal of this discussion is to provide diverse stakeholders with a better understanding of and approach to measuring and reporting on sustaining peace through analysis of what the evidence tells us about successful prevention efforts.

Speakers:
Michelle Breslauer, Program Director, Americas, the Institute for Economics and Peace
Robert Piper, United Nations Assistant Secretary-General and Director of External Relations and Advocacy, UNDP
Susanna Campbell, Assistant Professor, School of International Service, American University
Vanessa Wyeth, Senior Political and Public Affairs Officer (Peacebuilding), Permanent Mission of Canada to the UN

Moderator:
Lesley Connolly, IPI Senior Policy Analyst

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The international community has developed a wide array of policies, frameworks, and structures to help respond to health needs in conflict-affected settings, but the international health response still faces gaps and challenges. On June 7th and 8th, 2018, IPI and the Global Health Centre of the Graduate Institute took up this subject in a retreat in Geneva on “Doctors in War Zones: International Policy and Health Care in Armed Conflict.”

Participants debated how we can rethink and redefine existing collaboration models, governance structures, and accountability mechanisms for health and humanitarian actors to ensure the adequate delivery of health services in conflict-affected settings.

The retreat started with a high-level dinner, and was followed by a full day workshop comprised of three moderated discussions on the challenges of delivering health care, health governance systems, and accountability in international health systems in conflict-affected settings.

Opening the retreat with a keynote address at the high-level dinner, Peter Maurer, President of the International Committee of the Red Cross, focused on the issue of attacks on healthcare, highlighting the fact that despite the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 2286 two years ago, attacks on health care workers continue to occur every week. He stressed that there are multiple avenues to be explored, including better understanding of what influences the behavior of belligerents, and engaging in a privileged dialogue with military commands. He acknowledged that we cannot “fundamentally change the fact that powers have different interests,” but that we can change “their consideration of the health impact of their warfare,” which is underlined and reinforced by data.

During the first session, on the challenges of providing health care services in conflict-affected settings, the experience of individuals providing such services in these challenging settings was put front and center, with Dr. Monica Rull of Médecins Sans Frontières emphasizing “the whole dimension of people who cannot access these services.”

Dr. Hanna Kaade, co-founder of the German Global Surgery Association, outlined a series of challenges he personally faced as a medical doctor in Aleppo, Syria, from essential medical equipment being taken out of ambulances at check points, to having to perform surgery under the light of a mobile phone after an electricity shut down. Other challenges such as the difficulty of providing chronic care in conflict-affected settings, the inadequate prioritization of programs, and the impact of contemporary counterterrorism measures were also noted.

On the issue of attacks on health care, some participants stressed the need for continued political and diplomatic efforts, as well as more robust and joined-up humanitarian diplomacy. David McCoy of Queen Mary University, London, encouraged thinking beyond the humanitarian lens to the link between health and peace, stating that “the health community has the legitimacy and mandate to work more upstream” on the prevention of violence and conflict.

Speakers in the second session, on health governance systems in conflict-affected settings, provided an overview of the existing structures and procedures that guide the international health response in such settings, with a focus on the functioning of the UN cluster system, the Inter-Agency Steering Committee L3 Activation Procedure for infectious diseases, and the role of the World Health Organization (WHO). Key challenges mentioned were the use, in protracted crises, of structures that were designed for the short-term, insufficient flexibility and fluidity of the existing system, and the difficulty of transitioning to government-led responses. It was nonetheless stated that there is a distinct reduction in officially activated clusters, with, in many contexts, governments wanting to lead their response, enabled by the international community.

Annie Sparrow, Assistant Professor at the ICAHN School of Medicine, noted the “tension between sovereignty and suffering” that the WHO and other UN agencies face in humanitarian settings, limiting their ability to respond to health needs. Several participants pointed to ways of better working with the existing system, including by better engaging local actors and leveraging outside voices, ensuring that the right people are being hired, and suggesting that civil society actors do more to hold governments and UN bureaucracies to account.

Accountability, or the lack thereof, was identified as a key issue in existing health governance systems, with Mukesh Kapila, Professor of Global Health and Humanitarian Affairs at Manchester University, describing the system as being “self-validating” and “self-certifying” and calling for an independent accountability mechanism.

The final session of the day focused on the crucial question of accountability in international health systems in conflict-affected settings. Participants discussed various types of accountability for health services provided in conflict-affected settings, from performance, to financial and international accountability. An over-emphasis on accountability to donors as opposed to accountability to affected populations was highlighted, as well as the need for stronger community engagement.

Dr. Francesco Checchi of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, stressed that when there is a lack of accountability, the impact of the health response is attenuated and can lead to what he described as “malpractice in humanitarian healthcare.” He put forward a series of concrete possible ways to ensure better accountability, including setting up an inter-agency humanitarian healthcare governance project, and having an independent auditing body administer accountability on behalf of affected people.

The retreat was attended by representatives of country missions to the UN, and other international organizations in Geneva, global health and humanitarian experts from the UN, and other international organizations, as well as academics. It is part of a broader research project conducted by IPI on these issues, which will result in a final policy report.

The agenda for the event is available here, and the background paper can be found here.

 

On Tuesday, June 12th, IPI together with Sophia University in Tokyo, Kakenhi, One Earth Future, and the Permanent Mission of Japan to the UN are cohosting a policy forum on “The Importance of Inclusivity for Peacebuilding and Sustaining Peace.”

Remarks will begin at 1:15pm EST*

Central to the goal of sustaining peace is the recognition that in order for peacebuilding to be effective, it must be locally owned and informed by people-centered approaches. This is a principle theme of the twin General Assembly and Security Council Resolutions (70/262 and 2282 respectively), adopted on 27 April 2016, and the Secretary-General’s report on Peacebuilding and Sustaining Peace, released on 18 January 2018. The proven impact of inclusive processes on long-term peace is considerable; establishing close partnerships with local actors allows for a better understanding of key concerns and needs. Rather than imposing peacebuilding plans and strategies from the outside, the focus should be on strengthening the capacities of national and local actors in the design and implementation of plans and activities, with the aim of including those who may be marginalized within society.

This call for inclusive national ownership of peacebuilding policy and practice has grown louder in recent years with the focus on sustaining peace. While there is a consensus on the importance of locally-focused approaches to peacebuilding and sustaining peace, translating these principles into practice is an enduring challenge for the United Nations, international organizations, and national governments.

This policy forum will provide a platform for scholars and practitioners to discuss the value of and challenges surrounding inclusivity within peacebuilding and sustaining peace. Drawing on a series of case studies and published research, presentations at this event will provide reflections on how the international community can engage better with local peacebuilders in an inclusive manner in order to sustain peace in challenging contexts.

Opening Remarks:
Mr. Fabrizio Hochschild, Assistant Secretary-General for Strategic Coordination, United Nations

Speakers:
Dr. Daisaku Higashi, Professor, Deputy Director at Center for Global Cooperation and Training, Sophia Institute of International Relations, Sophia University in Tokyo
Dr. Conor Seyle, Director, OEF Research, One Earth Future Foundation
Ms. Hasini Haputhanthri, Author of the Sri Lanka Case Study, IPI’s Local Networks for Peace: Drawing Lessons from Community-led Peacebuilding

Moderator:
Mr. Jake Sherman, Director of the Center for Peace Operations, IPI

Closing Remarks:
H.E. Mr. Yasuhisa Kawamura, Deputy Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations

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IPI’s Youssef Mahmoud spoke at a high level seminar on sustaining peace with particular focus on African women mediators. The event was convened by the African Union Commission, Belgium, and the International Peace Institute on April 25, 2018.

Reflecting on mediation processes through a sustaining peace lens, Mr. Mahmoud questioned the assumptions informing the current “mediation paradigm,” in light of the changes in the nature of contemporary conflict. Helping conflict parties move from violence to politics through mediation should not be equated with peace. Ending war and building peace, while interconnected, are separate processes.

Women mediators at the grassroots level are the “custodians of peace, even amidst devastation” he observed. They should not be invited to participate in peace processes, just to be consulted or represent women’s issues only. “If they are good enough to be at the table, why can’t they participate in designing it?”

Mr. Mahmoud added that while training may be necessary, it should be driven by the humility to recognize that women mediators are not blank pages. “They have capacities, not just needs.” Building on what they know and what they have “will unleash their leadership potential to sustain peace.”