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5 livres de Bernard Lugan













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The publication “The rise of radical right and Eurosceptic political forces and the impact on the EU’s enlargement policy” is a result of the initiative think nea – New Narratives of EU Integration, funded by the Open Society Foundations – Western Balkans.

This policy brief which was prepared in collaboration with the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Dialogue Southeast Europe presents the core findings and strategic recommendations of the full report. It is intended to provide the audience with a concise, accessible overview of the key insights and proposed actions.

With war raging on the European Union’s eastern border and the bloc seeking to redefine its geopolitical identity, another political transformation is unfolding within: the growing influence of radical right and Eurosceptic parties. Once largely marginalised actors, these forces are now increasingly reshaping Europe’s political priorities from within national parliaments and Brussels. This report takes stock of the growing influence of radical right and Eurosceptic political forces within the EU and examines the implications for EU enlargement policy.

In additional to the brief, a factsheet of the report was prepared in order to provide a condensed outline on how the growing influence of radical right and Eurosceptic parties is reshaping EU politics and what this means for the future of EU enlargement.

You can read the policy brief here.

You can read the factsheet here.

The full report is available here.

Bár az ötlet már korábban is többször felmerült, az US Navy vezetése mégis csak 1910-ben határozta el, hogy a további csatahajó-építéseket egy előre meghatározott követelményrendszer szerint fogják folytatni, mellyel egységesítik az új hajók paramétereit, és szabványosítják azok főbb elemeit. Ez lehetővé tette volna, hogy a haditengerészet olyan csatahajóflottát állítson fel, melynek egységei védettségben, tűzerőben, sebességben és manőverező képességben többé-kevésbé azonos paraméterekkel rendelkeznek, következésképpen egységes, kompakt ütőerőként kezelhetőek.

Az ötlet nem volt olyan kézenfekvő, mint amilyennek tűnik. A korabeli gyakorlat ennek éppen az ellenkezője volt, vagyis a csatahajó-kötelékeket nem az azonos osztályú egységekből állították fel, hanem több osztályból válogatták össze a hajókat, tehát az így felállított kötelékek eléggé vegyes-felvágott jellegűek voltak. 1916-ban például az angol First Battle Squadron nyolc csatahajója hat különböző hajóosztály tagjaiból állt össze, és a nem sokkal a Dreadnought után épült St.Vincent osztály éppúgy képviselve volt benne, mint a vadonatúj, 38 cm-es ágyúkkal felszerelt szuper-dreadnoughtok. Hasonló sokféleség jellemezte a német Geschwader-eket is, melyeknek elég sok gondot is okozott, hogy a régebbi építésű dreadnoughtok állandóan lelassították a köteléket.

Épp az ilyesmit akarták az amerikaiak elkerülni azzal, hogy azonos képességű hajókból állítják fel csatahajó-kötelékeiket. Ehhez viszont először meg kellett határozni, pontosan milyen szabványok is azok, melyek szerint az új egységeknek épülniük kell, és mik azok a követelmények, melyeket támasztanak irántuk.

[...] Bővebben!

Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

On Tuesday, 15 July 2025, from 11:00 to 12:30 in Brussels (room Antall 2Q2), the Committee on Foreign Affairs (AFET) will hold a public hearing on the implications of the decisions of the ICJ and ICC on the EU's role in supporting a peaceful solution for the Israeli/Palestinian conflict. This hearing intends to clarify the overall situation and to provide both legal and political insights in the search for constructive EU positions on the matter.
The experts invited are Gleider Hernández, Professor of Public International Law, KU Leuven and Michael Meier, Adjunct Professor at Georgetown University Law Center (GULC) and Associate Fellow. Geneva Centre for Security Policy.
Programme
Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Zord

Less than two months since his appointment as EDA Chief Executive, André Denk has begun touring Member States to discuss their respective defence priorities and EDA’s pivotal role in serving Member States’ interests, leveraging defence and capability development cooperation in the European Union.   

Earlier this week, Chief Executive Denk visited Sweden and Italy – where he met with the Ministers of Defence of both countries, as well as top national defence authorities.   

Sweden

In Stockholm, he met with Minister of Defence Pål Jonson and with the Chief of Defence, General Michael Claesson. Denk also visited the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), the Swedish Defence Material Administration (FMV), and the Swedish Armed Forces. Discussions revolved around Sweden’s ongoing priorities and EDA’s concrete support to Member States in innovation, capability development, and joint procurement. 

Italy

In Rome, he met with Minister of Defence Guido Crosetto, National Armaments Director Admiral Giacinto Ottaviani, Chief of Defence General Luciano Portolano, and Deputy Chief of Defence General Del Bene. Discussions focused on reinforcing cooperation in defence, aligning industrial and technological priorities, and advancing European strategic autonomy.  

During his trip to Rome, Denk also presented the results of the first-ever Operational Experimentation (OPEX) campaign dedicated to unmanned systems – i.e. UAVs and UGVs - for cross-domain logistics at the Italian Army's multifunctional experimentation centre, CEPOLISPE. 

EDA's Chief Executive will travel to other Member States in the coming weeks.

General Michael Claesson, Sweden's Chief of Defence

General Carl-Johan Edström, Sweden's Chief of the Defence Staff

Guido Crosetto, Italian Minister of Defence - and his delegation

 

Admiral Giacinto Ottaviani, Italy's National Armaments Director

Main photo: Guido Crosetto, Italy's Defence Minister; Pål Jonson, Sweden's Defence Minister

EDA’s broader role 

Founded in 2004, the Agency helps foster defence cooperation across Europe. It serves as the central hub for EU countries aiming to develop their defence capabilities together. EDA’s activities span from harmonising requirements and developing operational capabilities to research, technology, innovation, training, and supporting Common Security and Defence Policy operations. The agency also works closely with the European defence industry to strengthen Europe’s technological and industrial base.

DRAFT REPORT on the EU-US political relations
Committee on Foreign Affairs
Michał Szczerba

Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Quelle : © Europäische Union, 2025 - EP

Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

On 3 July 2025, six European defence companies gathered near Rome to demonstrate unmanned aerial and ground systems as part of the European Defence Agency’s (EDA) first-ever European Defence Innovation Operational Experimentation (OPEX) campaign. The live demonstration took place under the umbrella of the Hub for EU Defence Innovation (HEDI), at the Italian Army’s Multifunctional Experimentation Centre (CEPOLISPE) in Montelibretti, Italy.

Crucially, this marks the first operational experimentation coordinated at EU level. While similar initiatives have taken place nationally, OPEX introduces a new model of cross-border collaboration among Member States.

"Security, warfare, and technology are changing at an accelerating pace. The war in Ukraine reshaped our understanding of defence innovation, compressing years of development into weeks through rapid prototyping, adaptability, and tight collaboration among armed forces, engineers, and civilians. So, defence innovation is no longer optional, nor a long-term ambition,” said André Denk, EDA’s Chief Executive, during the Distinguished Visitors’ Day. “Accelerating innovation from the lab to the field is our ticket to operational relevance.”

The OPEX campaign embodies HEDI’s ambition to bridge the gap between promising innovation and real-world military capability. By testing unmanned aerial and ground systems in realistic operational conditions, OPEX offers a way for Member States, industry and end-users to jointly test, evaluate and refine technologies. That helps to overcome the “valley of death” where innovations often fail to reach operational use.

Unlike traditional demonstrations, OPEX reflects a shift toward experimentation as a strategic tool. It generates critical insights into operational concepts, training requirements and interoperability challenges — supporting long-term defence planning. From autonomous systems and drones to electronic interference platforms, the campaign reflects EDA’s commitment to accelerating the uptake of emerging capabilities.

Weeks of field testing

The campaign unfolded in several phases of increasing complexity, from the evaluation of individual systems to fully integrated, cross-domain operations using unmanned aerial systems (UAVs) and unmanned ground systems (UGVs). The six companies — Portugal’s BEYOND VISION, ALTUS LSA of Greece, Austria’s SCHIEBEL, ALYSIS of Spain, PIAP of Poland and Germany’s ARX ROBOTICS — carried out simulations of coordinated tactical missions, focused on autonomous logistics under conditions closely mirroring real-life scenarios.

The final phase of the campaign tested these systems further in demanding, multi-domain environments, providing insight into how advanced technologies can be integrated into future military operations and force structures.

The Distinguished Visitors’ Day event brought together high-level representatives, including EDA's Denk, Director of CEPOLISPE Brigadier General Pierpaolo Dotoli, Italian National Armaments Director (NAD) Admiral Giacinto Ottaviani, and Italy's Deputy NAD Luisa Riccardi. EDA’s Director for Research, Technology and Innovation, Nathalie Guichard outlined HEDI’s mission to accelerate defence innovation across the EU.

OPEX campaigns will become a multi-annual effort under HEDI. Future editions, hosted by various Member States, will expand in scope and complexity, covering a wider range of emerging technologies. They will feed directly into EU defence planning, helping ensure that innovation is translated more rapidly and effectively into operational capability.

The OPEX support team is a consortium led by French company EXTENSEE. It helped in the design and execution of the OPEX campaign in collaboration with EDA and the Italian authorities.

EDA awarded contracts across six specialised categories, following a competitive procurement process launched in July 2024:

• Low-Cost Attritable UAS – BEYOND VISION (Portugal) 
• Vertical Take-Off and Launch (VTOL) UAS – ALTUS LSA (Greece) 
• Heavy Lift VTOL UAS – SCHIEBEL (Austria) 
• Low-Cost Attritable UGS – ALYSIS (Spain) 
• Medium Wheeled Logistical UGS – PIAP (Poland)
• Medium Tracked Logistical UGS – ARX ROBOTICS (Germany) 

EDA’s broader role 

Founded in 2004, the Agency helps foster defence cooperation across Europe. It serves as the central hub for EU countries aiming to develop their defence capabilities together. EDA’s activities span from harmonising requirements and developing operational capabilities to research, technology, innovation, training, and supporting Common Security and Defence Policy operations. The agency also works closely with the European defence industry to strengthen Europe’s technological and industrial base. 

Quelle : © Europäische Union, 2025 - EP

STELLUNGNAHME zu dem Vorschlag für eine Verordnung des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates zur Änderung der Verordnungen (EU) 2021/1058 und (EU) 2021/1056 in Bezug auf spezifische Maßnahmen zur Bewältigung strategischer Herausforderungen im Rahmen der Halbzeitüberprüfung
Ausschuss für Sicherheit und Verteidigung
Riho Terras

Quelle : © Europäische Union, 2025 - EP

STELLUNGNAHME zu dem Vorschlag für eine Verordnung des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates zur Änderung der Verordnung (EU) 2021/1057 zur Einrichtung des Europäischen Sozialfonds Plus (ESF+) in Bezug auf spezifische Maßnahmen zur Bewältigung strategischer Herausforderungen
Ausschuss für Sicherheit und Verteidigung
Urmas Paet

Quelle : © Europäische Union, 2025 - EP

« L'ère des réductions du nombre d'armes nucléaires dans le monde, qui a commencé à la fin de la guerre froide, touche à sa fin », diagnostique Hans M. Kristensen, maître de recherche associé au programme de l'Institut international de recherche sur la paix de Stockholm (SIPRI). Il prévoit que cet arsenal va au contraire se renforcer dans les années à venir. Il y a de quoi se faire peur…

- Défense en ligne / Armée, Armement nucléaire, Traité de non-prolifération

Sommaire

Actualité :- Les deux projets du gazoduc Nigeria-Europe
- Le Maroc, trait d'union entre Méditerranée et Afrique noire
Dossier : Le ruineux fardeau colonial
- La ruine de la France
- La France a surpayé les productions de son Empire africain
- L’Empire, une rente et une bouée de sauvetage pour des secteurs économiques condamnés
- L’Algérie, un insupportable fardeau économique  pour la métropole
- L'échec de la doxa face à Jacques Marseille

Editorial de Bernard Lugan
« Génocide colonial » ou ruine de la France coloniale ?
Selon un histrion du nom de Jean-Michel Apathie, la colonisation française aurait été une entreprise génocidaire à ce point emblématique que le nazisme s’en serait inspiré… Ce faquin qui, il y a quelques années, proposait de raser le château de Versailles (!!!), n’inventait rien en proférant ces inepties. Il ne faisait en effet que répéter servilement le discours décolonial dominant, s’inscrivant ainsi dans la lignée de l’Emmanuel Macron candidat à la présidence de la République, qui osa parler à Alger de la colonisation comme d’un « crime contre l’humanité » décoloniaux. Singulier « crime contre l’humanité » et singulier « génocide » en effet, qui eurent pour résultat l’explosion démographique coloniale, et plus particulièrement algérienne, la population de ce dernier pays passant d’un peu plus d’un million d’âmes en 1830 à plus de dix millions en 1962…
Autre poncif de la doxa, la France aurait tiré sa richesse du pillage de son empire. Avant même tout examen des chiffres, la réponse à cette accusation récurrente tient en une question de bon sens : puisque la France tirait sa prospérité du « pillage » de son Empire, pourquoi son économie ne s’est-elle donc pas effondrée avec la décolonisation ? Pourquoi, tout au contraire, a-t-elle économiquement considérablement bénéficié de cette rupture durant la décennie 1960 ?
La réponse à cette question a été donnée en 1984 par Jacques Marseille qui publia un livre fondateur (republié en 2005) dont le titre était « Empire colonial et capitalisme français, histoire d'un divorce ». Dans ce livre, l’auteur bouleversait totalement et en profondeur la perspective coloniale en démontrant que :
1) Contrairement à ce qu'avait postulé Jules Ferry, les investisseurs privés se détournèrent de l’Afrique, laissant donc à l’Etat français le fardeau de sa mise en valeur à travers les emprunts d’Etat et les impôts des Français.
2) L’Empire ne fut pas une « bonne affaire » car ses produits qui n’étaient pas rares furent achetés par la métropole à des coûts supérieurs à ceux du marché international. 
3) Les territoires n’ayant pas de ressources propres, leurs budgets durent être constamment alimentés par la France. 
Non seulement la France n’a donc pas pillé l’Afrique, mais, tout au contraire, elle s’y est ruinée. Son empire africain fut même un boulet économique pour la France qui s’était condamnée à y assurer la totalité des investissements dans tous les domaines, qu’il s’agisse du génie civil, de la santé ou de l’éducation. En retour, et là encore contrairement aux mensonges des décoloniaux, l’empire lui fournissait à des prix supérieurs à ceux du marché des productions qu’elle payait en réalité deux fois puisqu’elle les avait subventionnées.

Face aux évolutions économiques, technologiques et démographiques, les entreprises doivent repenser leur organisation du travail. Le Club Futur du travail, porté par l’Institut Choiseul et LinkedIn, a réuni dirigeants et experts autour de quatre leviers stratégiques : freelancing, lien intergénérationnel, IA & soft skills, et leadership transformationnel.

ESPACE

· L’essor du freelancing, réponse agile à des besoins en compétences spécifiques

En forte croissance, le recours aux freelances s’impose comme une solution flexible pour répondre à des besoins ciblés, renforcer l’expertise et accompagner l’innovation. Il redéfinit les liens entre entreprises et talents.

· Le lien intergénérationnel, levier stratégique encore sous-exploité

Alors que quatre générations cohabitent en entreprise, la transmission, la coopération et la complémentarité deviennent des enjeux RH majeurs. Valoriser le lien intergénérationnel, c’est transformer une contrainte en levier d’intelligence collective.

· L’impact de l’intelligence artificielle sur la gestion des compétences et la montée en puissance des soft skills

L’intelligence artificielle accélère les mutations des métiers. Si les compétences techniques évoluent, les soft skills (empathie, esprit critique, adaptabilité) deviennent centrales. Une approche plus humaine du pilotage des talents émerge.

· Le rôle du leadership transformationnel, pour accompagner le changement de manière humaine et efficace

Face aux incertitudes, les organisations ont besoin de leaders inspirants, capables de donner du sens, d’embarquer les équipes et de piloter la transformation avec bienveillance. Un nouveau rapport au pouvoir et à la responsabilité s’installe.

5000 fő alatti önkormányzatok pályázhatnak júliustól vissza nem térítendő támogatásra, a közvilágítás korszerűsítésére. A támogatás intenzitása 100 százalékos, összege akár 50 millió forint is lehet.

Sudan’s war has left millions in need of protection, as civilians continue to endure mass displacement, famine, widespread violence, and grave human rights violations. Despite commitments to international humanitarian law and the protection of civilians, both the Sudanese Armed Forces and Rapid Support Forces have persistently targeted civilians, and international efforts to protect them have so far been insufficient. While ceasefire negotiations remain stalled, the protection of civilians cannot wait, and the international community must act now.

This report examines the policy options available to member states, the UN, and regional actors to support the protection of civilians in Sudan. It highlights feasible measures that can be taken even as ceasefire negotiations remain elusive, including the following:

• Navigating a Divided Security Council: Security Council members, particularly the three African members, could pursue a new resolution on Sudan with backing from the African Union (AU); utilize informal mechanisms like Arria-formula meetings and subsidiary bodies of the council to build consensus; and organize a field visit to Sudan to engage stakeholders and elevate international attention.
• Leveraging the Role of the General Assembly: The General Assembly could continue to hold the Security Council accountable by convening debates following any future vetoes, support UN and AU fact-finding missions, and exercise normative power by adopting a resolution on civilian protection in Sudan.
• Foresight and Planning by the UN Secretariat: The UN Secretariat could undertake proactive scenario-based planning for the deployment of a future protection force or ceasefire monitoring mechanism, including by developing a comprehensive political strategy and implementation framework.
• Joint Efforts with Regional Actors: The AU should ensure it has a cohesive approach to the protection of civilians in Sudan by enhancing communication among African capitals and between Addis Ababa and New York. The UN and AU should also ensure their efforts are complementary, including by collaborating on their fact-finding missions and improving engagement between their genocide prevention offices.
• Contact Group to Steer the Protection Agenda in Sudan: A coalition of committed member states could establish a contact group on Sudan to develop a coherent political strategy, engage the warring parties and their backers with sustained diplomatic pressure, and create a dedicated mediation track for civilian protection.

Download

The post Keeping Sudan in Focus: Policy Options for the Protection of Civilians appeared first on International Peace Institute.

On 30 June 2025, the European Defence Agency (EDA) signed the contract for the LEO2VLEO project to develop and deploy a constellation of military defence satellites capable of manoeuvring between Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO).

The €10 million contract was signed at the EDA headquarters by Chief Executive André Denk and Jeroen Rotteveel, CEO of ISISPACE, who leads the industrial consortium.  

Co-funded by the Netherlands’ Ministry of Defence and the Austrian Armed Forces, the project will design, develop, build, launch, and operate a constellation of three 16U satellites. The launch is planned within two years, marking a significant leap in European defence space capability.  

Chief Executive Denk said: “LEO2VLEO is not just a demonstration of technology but a testament to our ability to work through multinational cooperation. We are proud to support this pioneering effort that will strengthen the EU’s resilience and readiness in space, an increasingly contested domain.”

ISISPACE CEO Rotteveel said: “It is encouraging to see this project gaining momentum, as it is a crucial step towards developing the space systems necessary for ensuring Europe's safety. Together with our consortium partners, we are confident in our ability to quickly deliver the functionalities required by the Dutch and Austrian Ministries of Defence.”

Earth observation, minimal debris

For EDA and its Capability Technology Area (CapTech) Space, the project represents an achievement in defence research and technology (R&T). It will be the first known European military satellite constellation capable of transitioning between LEO and VLEO – a manoeuvre that enables greater flexibility, higher-resolution imaging, and enhanced responsiveness during crisis operations.

The LEO2VLEO satellites will provide proof of concept and in-orbit demonstration of defence applications, addressing Europe's urgent need for sovereign, rapid-response space assets. Using VLEO offers several strategic advantages, including improved communications, agility, and Earth observation capabilities, while minimising space debris risk.

This novel approach uses off-the-shelf components combined with extensive R&T to accelerate operational readiness. The project also foresees the inclusion of payloads for Earth observation and navigational warfare – both critical in today’s security environment.

EDA’s Hub for EU Defence Innovation (HEDI) supported the initiative through a preliminary study based on its 2023 proof-of-concept framework. This early investment by HEDI has helped pave the way for the current demonstrator phase.

In addition to demonstrating in-orbit performance, the project includes pre-operational capability development, laying the foundation for a future fully operational military satellite system. If successful, LEO2VLEO will set the stage for enhanced autonomy and resilience in European defence missions.

The project brings together a consortium of European innovators, comprising: 

• ISISPACE Group (Lead)  
• Dawn Aerospace Nederland B.V.
• Fantana Defence and Space GmbH
• ASA Astrosysteme GmbH
• Graz University of Technology 
• Beyond Gravity Austria GmbH
• Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH