European Union

European Union Member States have approved 11 new projects under the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) in the sixth and final wave of the initial phase of the framework. These projects, which involve 19 Member States, aim to strengthen defence cooperation and capability development. 

The sixth wave of PESCO projects cover a wide range of needs, from broader strategic areas such as air and missile defence and cyber doctrine to more specific applications such as soldier systems and field medical facilities. Member States are also addressing key shortfalls by introducing unmanned aerial systems, improving interoperability through equipment standardisation, and boosting protection of vital undersea infrastructure. For more details of projects coordinated by Germany, Finland, France and Italy, please see here.  

New projects 

Germany (coordinating Member State) 

• Joint European Electromagnetic Warfare Convergence Initiative (JEEWCI) 
• Substitute for Lead in Infantry Ammunition (SLIA) 
• Common Handheld Optronic Interface (CHOI) 
• Infantry Navigation without GNSS (InfNav without GNSS)
• Future (unmanned) Air-to-Air Refuelling Capability 
• Unmanned Air Transport of Injured Soldiers (UNATIS) 
  
  

France (coordinating Member State) 

• Modular Seabed Vessel (MSV)
• Medical Treatment Facility Role 2 Forward – Capability Development (MTF R2F–CD) 
  
  

Finland (coordinating Member State) 

• Quantum Enablers for Strategic Advantage (QUEST)
  
  

Italy (coordinating Member State) 

• Directed Energy Systems (DES) 
• Next Generation Dismounted Soldier System (NGDSS) 
  
  

More demanding times 

From 2018 to 2025, PESCO has generated a total of 83 collaborative projects spanning the five operational domains of land, maritime, air, space and cyber. Eight have now closed, with 75 still ongoing. The projects have ranged from protecting space assets to monitoring undersea infrastructure. The European Defence Agency (EDA), which is part of the PESCO secretariat, believes the projects encourage a shared, intergovernmental approach to defence planning. All 26 participating Member States have taken part in various initiatives, working together to address capability gaps and fulfil their more binding commitments set out in PESCO. 

Compared to when the framework was first launched in December 2017, the second phase of PESCO (2025–2029) will take place in a much more dynamic and challenging security environment. Given Russia’s war of aggression in Ukraine, there is now an urgent need to close capability gaps, especially those that cannot be met by a single country alone. In response to this, in November 2024, Ministers of Defence signed four letters of intent to work together on key capability areas highlighted in the most recent Coordinated Annual Review on Defence (CARD) report. CARD gives an overview of Member States’ defence plans and serves as a basis for deciding potential joint projects.  

The letters of intent focused on: Integrated Air and Missile Defence, Electronic Warfare, Loitering Munitions, and the European Combat Vessel. These initiatives, particularly those with a long-term focus, are strong candidates to become future PESCO projects. 

Existing tools such as the European Defence Fund (EDF), which co-finances multinational defence projects using money from the EU’s long-term budget, will continue to support PESCO projects, while discussions held at the European Council of EU leaders in February 2025 have built political momentum and given clearer direction to the EU’s defence ambitions. 

Looking ahead, the new projects also consider future defence challenges, such as the impact of quantum technologies and ensuring reliable access to ammunition. 

About PESCO 

The Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) is a legally binding initiative within the European Union's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). It aims to deepen defence cooperation among participating EU Member States, enhancing the EU's capacity to act as a security provider. All Member States except Malta are part of PESCO. 

Participation in PESCO is voluntary but entails binding commitments, including increasing defence spending, harmonising requirements, and pooling resources in defence equipment acquisition, research, and utilisation. EDA, along with the European External Action Service (EEAS) and the EU Military Staff (EUMS), is part of the PESCO secretariat, facilitating project implementation and ensuring coherence with other EU defence initiatives.  

Through collaborative projects, PESCO seeks to enhance interoperability and effectiveness of forces, strengthen Europe’s industrial and technological base, and ultimately increase the overall security of European citizens.  

At the EDA Steering Board held in Brussels today, EU Ministers of Defence endorsed the European Defence Agency’s synthesis of projects, actions and proposals for short-term joint acquisitions of defence equipment, in line with the initial list of priority areas set out in the European Council (EUCO) conclusions of 6 March 2025 and the White Paper on European Defence Readiness 2030.  

The EDA synthesis underscores the urgent need to enhance readiness and address critical capability gaps and shortfalls. It offers new lines of actions aligned with the agreed priorities, including restoring superiority in the air domain, strengthening land forces, and enhancing strategic enablers. It also emphasises that long term capability development should not be neglected. 

Ministers provided strategic guidance on how and where EDA can best support Member States in taking the work forward, in the short term and with a view to longer-term capability development projects. This includes more systematic aggregation of demand, harmonisation of requirements, and joint procurement. 

This was the first EDA Ministerial Steering Board chaired by the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Kaja Kallas, in her capacity as Head of the European Defence Agency. It also marked the first Steering Board of André Denk as the Agency’s new Chief Executive. 

Radio remains the most popular medium of communication in many countries where UN peacekeeping operations are deployed, and several missions have leveraged UN radio stations to communicate with local populations. UN strategic communications via radio can help reduce violence against civilians, both during and after armed conflict. This protective effect of UN radio is evident even in areas where no UN military peacekeepers are deployed.

This issue brief examines the protective impact of UN radio and the mechanisms through which strategic communications by peacekeepers may reduce violence. It identifies four main pathways: building trust in the mission and enhancing cooperation with peacekeepers’ protection activities; filling gaps in reliable information that might otherwise be filled by misinformation that incites violence; fostering pro-peace behavioral change among ordinary civilians; and incentivizing rank-and-file combatants to exercise restraint. The brief also argues that messages are more effective when they are perceived as accurate and informative by local audiences.

As the UN seeks to enhance strategic communications in peacekeeping operations, it must carefully manage several trade-offs. These include trade-offs between empowering civilians vs. exposing them to risk; ensuring that messaging is coherent vs. tailoring it to the local context; sustaining independent media vs. promoting national ownership; and expanding access to data vs. maintaining security and host-state consent.

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The post UN Strategic Communications and the Protection of Civilians: The Role of UN Radio appeared first on International Peace Institute.

UN police (UNPOL) have long contributed to protection of civilians (POC) mandates, yet their role remains underexamined and often undervalued. As UN peace operations shift toward more flexible, lighter-footprint mission models and increasingly emphasizes regional partnerships, preventive approaches, and people-centered security, UNPOL could take on an expanded role. This could include greater involvement of UNPOL in addressing emerging protection threats related to urban violence, transnational crime, and cyber-related risks. However, future POC strategies must balance UNPOL’s strengths with other security tools to align expectations with capacity.

This issue brief examines UNPOL’s contributions to POC, focusing on their recent experience, emerging functions during mission transitions, and potential place in future models for peace operations. It highlights how UNPOL have played a vital role in reducing violence, engaging communities, supporting host-state law enforcement, and sustaining protection efforts during mission drawdowns. However, persistent challenges—including coordination gaps, militarization trends, limited data on effectiveness, and political constraints—continue to restrict their impact.

To make UNPOL’s contributions to POC more effective, the UN needs to focus more on police in high-level policy discussions, improve coordination across the rule-of-law sector, and strengthen data collection to assess the impact of UNPOL efforts. As peace operations adapt to evolving challenges, ensuring that UNPOL are properly resourced and embedded within mission planning will be key to realizing their full potential in protecting civilians.

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The post Protection of Civilians by Police in UN Peace Operations appeared first on International Peace Institute.

French Touch, a team of innovators and military personnel from France, won first place on 15 May at the European Defence Innovation Days’ first ‘Makeathon,’ a competition for unmanned ground vehicles. The winners were awarded €10,000 in prize money. 

The competition, organised by the European Defence Agency (EDA) with support from the Polish Ministry of Defence, was structured to include a spending cap of €25,000 and a weight limit of 75kg on each robot’s development. The competition aims to foster cooperation, cross-border knowledge sharing and to cultivate a mindset of continuous innovation.  

The Makeathon focused on three main tasks: logistics, object recognition, and chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) sample collection. Judges tested the teams on their technical performance and autonomy around a course set out in a field next to the European Defence Innovation Days’ exhibition centre in Krakow, Poland. Points were awarded based on task completion. Tasks included monitoring a simulated gas leak and testing water quality, and correctly identifying military targets. 

"You built machines, yes. But you also built bridges between military and civilian worlds," said Nathalie Guichard, EDA's Director of Research, Technology and Innovation, as she presented the prize.

French Touch developed a robot over two months using in-house design and manufacturing. Like all of the teams, the ground vehicle included a robotic arm, sensors and a camera for AI recognition. The team, which included members from French military AI specialists AMIAD, French procurement agency DGA, and the navy and air force, built the system from scratch. They used CNC-machined aluminium parts for the red, white, and blue robot, weighing under 50 kg. It was powered by four 1,000-watt motors and used for block delivery and water pH analysis. 

Poland’s Impuls team came second with a 38 kg rover made from polyamide composites. Built by students from the Kielce University of Technology, the robot used cameras and AI for semi-autonomous operation. The team focused on improving coordination and machine control. 

 

Third place went to another Polish team, the Legendary Rover Team, affiliated with Rzeszow University of Technology. Known for participating in Mars rover contests, the team upgraded its previous design with a new manipulator arm, wheel system and an electric drive.  

Dutch team DykstrAV, supported by robotics company Avular and formed by students from multiple universities, placed fourth. Their robot featured a modular design with a black-box electronic unit. Despite early navigation issues, the robot completed two of the three tasks using a mix of autonomous functions and manual control. 

Ukraine continues to prioritise rapid innovation on the battlefield and is ready to share further knowledge with the European Union, Deputy Defence Minister Valerii Churkin told attendees at the European Defence Innovation Days event in Poland on 14 May 2025. 

“To innovate fast, you have to be as close as possible to the frontline,” Churkin said at the start of the three-day event in Krakow. “So that's why we're asking you to join Ukraine, come to Ukraine, develop with Ukrainian companies, establish joint ventures.” Twelve Ukrainian companies were among the nearly 90 exhibitors that filled the hall at the European Defence Innovation Days. 

Newly appointed EDA Chief Executive André Denk opened the event by saying that the European Defence Innovation Days is not just a conference but a platform to “connect and match bold ideas with bold action.” 

Since 2014, and especially after Russia's full-scale invasion in 2022, Ukraine’s Armed Forces have seen engineers, software developers, and business analysts join their ranks. These professionals have helped foster a bottom-up innovation culture, with most combat brigades now operating their own workshops to design and produce battlefield solutions. 

“What accelerates innovation is the existential threat. When your life depends on it, you develop so much faster,” Churkin said. Ukrainian units have established direct links between the front line and engineers, enabling faster prototyping and iteration of military technologies.  

To coordinate this rapid development, Ukraine has launched digital platforms such as Iron Bench, which connect private sector developers with military end-users. These systems provide near-instant feedback on battlefield tools and tactics, encouraging agile development. 

However, challenges persist. Chief among them is standardisation. Ukrainian forces employ a patchwork of Western and domestic technologies, which often lack compatibility in terms of frequency, command protocols, and user interfaces. 

“We’re now working on unified interfaces and protocols for drones and other systems to ensure our integration,” Churkin said. 

Senior European officials, defence experts, and industry representatives gathered in Kraków on 14 May for the European Defence Innovation Days. Drawing over 1,000 delegates from across Europe, the biannual forum is an initiative of the European Defence Agency (EDA), with support from the Polish Presidency of the Council of the EU in this third edition. Attendees also included military personnel, as well as researchers and investors from across Europe. 

Newly appointed EDA Chief Executive André Denk opened the three-day gathering by stressing that the European Defence Innovation Days was not just a conference but a platform to “connect and match bold ideas with bold action.” 

“In an era of great power competition and rapid technological advances — where speed often means strategic advantage — we cannot afford to fall behind,” Denk said. “The reason we are gathered here is one: to accelerate capability-driven innovation, ensuring that the best ideas don’t get stuck in the lab, but are translated into capabilities,” he said. 

The defence community must break down silos, connect the military with innovators, bridge the gap between the public and private sectors, cultivate a defence innovation mindset, and inspire cross-generational collaboration, delegates said. 

“We need to adapt to the changing environment,” said Marcin Gorka, Director of the Department of Innovation at Poland’s Ministry of National Defence. “The way we are developing capabilities ... is very static. We need to be able to change from talking about our specific requirements to talking about the operational challenges we need to address.” 

The event showcased Ukraine as a case study in rapid innovation under extreme conditions, with the participation in Krakow of Ukraine’s Deputy Minister of Defence Valerii Churkin.  

Ukraine's advantage has not just been in the technology it has reduced, but in its ability to regularly outpace Russia in the innovation cycle, said Kaja Kallas, Head of the European Defence Agency, in her role as High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. “Ukraine's experience underlines what you can do when you get everyone working together,” Kallas said during a video message to the conference. 

The event also aims to underscore EDA’s own role in fostering innovation. HEDI — the Hub for EU Defence Innovation — is the Agency’s platform to ensure ideas can become deployable capabilities. The European Defence Innovation Days features a live exhibition with almost 90 stands. Highlights include mock-ups of soon-to-launch satellites and Ukrainian combat robotics. There are two new features this year: a competition known as a makethon for Unmanned Ground Vehicles, and a start-up pitching competition, offering €10,000 and €15,000 prizes, respectively. 

EU Member States have appointed today General André Denk as the new Chief Executive of the European Defence Agency (EDA), upon recommendation of the Head of the European Defence Agency / High-Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Kaja Kallas. André Denk’s mandate will officially start on 16 May 2025. 

With German Major General Denk’s appointment, it is the first time in EDA’s history that a high-ranking military official will guide and manage the Agency.

“I am glad to appoint General André Denk as the new Chief Executive of the European Defence Agency. He brings a wealth of operational experience and a deep understanding of Europe’s defence needs. His leadership is a real asset, and I look forward to our work together. With war at our borders and hybrid threats across the Union, the EDA’s work to develop joint military capabilities and boost innovation in the defence sector has never been more important. Under General Denk's leadership, the Agency will play a key role in ensuring Europe’s readiness for the challenges ahead,” said Kaja Kallas.

“The European Defence Agency is uniquely positioned to support Member States across the entire capability development cycle, and beyond. The Agency brings together the expertise, networks and insight needed to strengthen military cooperation, innovate and support Europe’s defence industry. I am both honoured and energised by my appointment and the challenges ahead. I look forward to working for the shared interests of our Member States and our Union — now more vital than ever,” said André Denk.

André Denk has been Deputy Chief Executive of the European Defence Agency since February 2023. In this role, he deputised for the previous Chief Executive on all matters of political significance and led EDA’s efforts on joint procurement for 155mm ammunition in support of Ukraine and/or for the replenishment of Member States’ stocks. 

Before joining EDA, he was Director Logistics of the EU Military Staff and was previously commander of the Joint School of Logistics in Germany.   
 
Throughout his military career, he undertook many international deployments under European Union, United Nations and NATO mandates - including in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Afghanistan, and as chief of staff of the EU Training Mission in Mali. 
 
Born in Rotthalmünster, Germany, in 1967, General Denk joined the German armed forces in 1986. He holds a diploma in mechanical engineering and in addition, graduated from the German Command and General Staff College as well as from the French General Staff College.

In addition to German, he is fluent in English, French, Serbian and Croatian.  
 
See full CV. 

Background

The European Defence Agency is composed of all 27 Member States of the European Union.

It was established through a Council Joint Action (2004/551/CFSP) on 12 July 2004. This action formalised the Agency's creation and its mandate to support EU Member States in developing their military capabilities. The Lisbon Treaty later enshrined the EDA's role within the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). 

EDA is the only European Agency whose Steering Board meet at Ministerial level. Its Steering Board, composed of all 27 Ministers of Defence, meets twice per year and is chaired by the Head of the European Defence Agency / HRVP Kaja Kallas. 

EDA saw its role and core missions refined and consolidated on the occasion of its long-term review. It acts as the intergovernmental defence nexus at EU level. 

As part of preparations for the Operational Experimentation (OPEX) campaign in Rome in June and July 2025, the European Defence Agency has carried out a series of system acceptance tests to assess the readiness of unmanned aerial and ground systems. 

The OPEX campaign, hosted by the Italian Army, provides a platform to deploy autonomous systems in realistic operational settings. It focuses on testing advanced unmanned aerial and ground systems in field-like conditions, helping to accelerate their integration into future EU defence capabilities. Before taking part, however, each system must first demonstrate compliance with clearly defined technical, reliability, operational and safety standards. 

That is why over the past weeks, EDA experts travelled across the European Union to evaluate the proposed solutions of six companies involved in the project: Beyond Vision from Portugal, ALTUS LSA from Greece, Schiebel from Austria, Alisys from Spain, Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz PIAP from Poland, and ARX Robotics from Germany. 

These tests represented a milestone in the campaign, ensuring that the selected systems are prepared to support the development and validation of future autonomous solutions for European defence logistics.    

HEDI puts innovation to the test

Beyond its technical objectives, the OPEX Campaign is designed to serve as a strategic enabler for the rapid adoption of emerging technologies across the EU defence landscape.

EDA’s Hub for European Defence Innovation (HEDI) is bringing together industry innovators, operational end-users, and experts in an immersive, scenario-based environment, introducing a new EU-wide tool that accelerates the delivery of capabilities quickly, playing a role in making innovation frameworks operational and sharpening the technological edge of European defence.  

About EDA

EDA supports its 27 Member States in improving their defence capabilities through European cooperation. Acting as an enabler and facilitator for Ministries of Defence willing to engage in collaborative capability projects, the Agency has become the ‘hub’ for European defence cooperation, with expertise and networks that span the entire spectrum of defence technologies.     

Latvia’s Minister of Defence Andris Sprūds visited the European Defence Agency on 10 April 2025.

On this occasion, the Minister met with EDA’s Deputy Chief Executive André Denk who provided him with an updated overview of the most relevant work strands of the agency in the fields of capability development and prioritisation, defence innovation, EDTIB engagement, and support to Ukraine.
 
EDA’s Deputy Chief Executive also commended Latvia for the country’s excellent cooperation and involvement in key EDA’s activities, including the signing of three Letters of Intent to join forces with other EU nations on key military projects – ie. Integrated air and missile defence; electronic warfare; loitering munitions. 
 

The Incubation Forum for Circular Economy in European Defence (IF CEED) selected three projects to integrate circularity in defence. Proofs of concept or similar tangible results will be delivered within the next 15 months in the fields of critical raw materials, textiles, and eco-management.  

The three projects will receive a combined funding of approximately €800,000. They were evaluated based on criteria including innovation, viability, and alignment with the objectives of IF CEED and the scope of the call for proposals.  

Run by the European Defence Agency (EDA) to make the defence sector more sustainable, IF CEED is funded by the European Commission to bring together experts from the military, industry, and universities to develop projects that reduce waste, recycle materials, and use resources more efficiently in defence. Its goal is to make defence supply chains greener and less dependent on outside resources, focusing on areas like raw materials, textiles, and eco-friendly management.  

Three projects: MICRAM, REGEN and CEDSEMAS  

The first project, known as MICRAM, aims to identify suitable electronic waste from which materials can be extracted using a hydrometallurgical process. The recycled critical raw materials are transformed into advanced materials such as aerogels and films. These form the basis for tactical clothing, stealth systems, and shelters, while also providing microwave radiation shielding.  

The recovery of critical raw materials such as nickel, and their transformation into advanced textile materials supports the development of stealth technologies, minimising detection risks for military assets such as communication systems or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). These shielding materials also protect personnel’s health and extend the lifespan of electronic systems.  

This project brings together AITEX and FECSA of Spain, Italy’s Tor Vergata University of Rome, and Łukasiewicz – Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals of Poland.  
 

The second project, known as REGEN, aims to recycle the soft aramid layer from end-of-life body armour and turn it into new fibres for making ballistic vests using a disruptive solvent-based technology. It focuses on safely removing harmful coatings and using recycled and virgin fibres to create high-quality protective fabrics.  

Recycling aramid fibres reduces reliance on imported materials for ballistic protection, strengthening the resilience of defence supply chains and lowering environmental impact. It also supports sustainability and could lead to cost savings over time.  

This project brings together FECSA and AITEX of Spain, and Uplift360, the Institute of Science and Technology, and LIST, all from Luxembourg.  


The third project, known as CEDSEMAS, is a program designed to help the defence sector to manage its environmental impact. It aims to create tools and training for military personnel, setting up an electronic platform for collaboration, and implementing a coaching program to integrate eco-management and audit schemes into military installations.  

Smarter resources use reduces environmental harm, helps armed forces comply with sustainability standards, therefore improving resource management, and contributing to greater operational efficiency.  

This project brings together CRES of Greece and AEOLIKI of Cyprus

About EDA

EDA supports its 27 Member States in improving their defence capabilities through European cooperation. Acting as an enabler and facilitator for Ministries of Defence willing to engage in collaborative capability projects, the Agency has become the ‘hub’ for European defence cooperation, with expertise and networks that span the entire spectrum of defence technologies.  

 

Additive Manufacturing —commonly known as 3D printing—is a process that creates three-dimensional objects by depositing materials layer by layer from a digital model. And it is no longer science fiction. From manufacturing spare parts on site where the parts are needed to reverse engineering and bionic designs, additive manufacturing is already reshaping the defence sector. For sure, additive manufacturing technology has the most game-changing potential for military logistics and this has been recognised by EDA and its contributing member States.   For two days from 8 April 2025, over 400 military, industrial experts and gathered at the 3rd European Military Additive Manufacturing Symposium in Bonn, Germany.  The event was organised by the German Association for Defence Technology – Centre for Studies and Conferences with support from the European Defence Agency (EDA). Key Notes were provided by EDA, AM Machine Manufacturer, Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) and from Armed Forces User perspective. The event aimed to foster cooperation by bringing together Armed Forces, Industry, and Academia to address military use cases and to align those with European industrial capabilities and competences. New innovations were presented bringing potentially operational advantage to Armed Forces in future. A manufacturing revolution with military applications

Additive Manufacturing (AM) – a so called Emerging Disruptive Technology (EDT) - allows manufacturing of parts with complex structures, lighter wight and almost no design limitations than those made through traditional methods like milling and drilling. Industrial sectors like automotive, aeronautics and medical exploring for some time the advantages of AM technology. The biggest advantage of AM for military use is the significant reduction of so-called lead time, the time till a needed part has been made available where it is needed. AM technology can be used for on-site production and has a positive impact on the so called “military logistic footprint” and the operational availability of military assets.

“Additive Manufacturing is a prime example of the successful transition of a promising technology from research to military capability development under the umbrella of the European Defence Agency,” said Giuseppe Dello Stritto, Head of the Land and Logistics Unit at EDA.

EDA has already taken significant steps through key initiatives such as the Additive Manufacturing for Logistik Support (AMLS) project, aiming at developing common standards for interoperability among Member States, and the AM Village, designed as a capability workshop that connects military, industry, and academia AM experts to identify the most suitable AM technologies for military use cases and to foster military – industry cooperation. The 3rdedition of AM Village is scheduled to take place in Albacete, Spain, on 16-20 March 2026.

About EDA  EDA supports its 27 Member States in improving their defence capabilities through European cooperation. Acting as an enabler and facilitator for Ministries of Defence willing to engage in collaborative capability projects, the Agency has become the ‘hub’ for European defence cooperation, with expertise and networks that span the entire spectrum of defence technologies.

In the European Defence Agency's 20th anniversary year, 2024 was another successful cycle as part of wider efforts to develop EU armed forces and support capability development.

Highlights of EDA's annual report include: 

• More than 40 Capability projects, 128 Research & Technology (R&T) projects, and 28 EU-funded projects under the European Defence Fund (EDF). 
• More personnel and a growing budget.
• A strengthened mandate from EU Ministers of Defence through the 2024 Long-Term Review, expanding EDA’s role in capability development, joint procurement, and innovation. 
• Agreement by Member States to cooperate on integrated air and missile defence, electronic warfare, loitering munitions, and a European combat vessel. 
• Joint procurement of 155mm artillery ammunition on behalf of Member States and Ukraine.
• An expanding innovation portfolio through HEDI.
• Deepened cooperation with Norway, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United States. 

Over the past two decades, EDA has helped armed forces work more closely and invest more effectively together. The Agency continues to look ahead and prepare for future defence needs.  

Download the full 2024 report here 
 

Under the auspices of the Polish EU Presidency, EU Ministers of Defence and key decision-makers gathered in Warsaw on Thursday 3 April for an informal council meeting. The meeting included senior NATO and EU officials, such as the NATO Deputy Secretary-General, the EU Commissioner for Defence and Space, the Chairwoman of the European Parliament SEDE Committee, and the EDA Deputy Chief Executive. 

Chaired by High Representative/Vice-President Kaja Kallas and Polish Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence Wladyslaw Kosiniak-Kamysz, participants exchanged views on strengthening Europe’s defence industry and rearming the continent. They also discussed the EU’s role in supporting Ukraine and efforts to bring a just peace to end the war.

Ahead of the informal council meeting, the Polish EU Presidency hosted a conference on the White Paper on the future of European defence.  Following a presentation by European Commissioner Andrius Kubilius, EDA’s Deputy Chief Executive André Denk took part in a panel discussion on the development of defence capabilities in the EU. 

“EDA helps Member States’ cooperate on defence innovation and capability development. We offer the right framework to make the best use of the intergovernmental approach and know-how at EU level. EDA has proposed robust solutions and stands ready to do more, at the speed and scale that our Member States require,” said André Denk. 

Participants also acknowledged EDA’s growing role in coordinating defence efforts among Member States. In recent years, the Agency has acted as a facilitator and, at times, an intermediary in joint procurement initiatives. Aggregating demand for common procurement is now a core EDA task and the result of the Agency’s Long Term Review adopted by the Ministers of Defence last year.    

Left to right: Head of the European Defence Agency (EDA) and High Representative Kaja Kallas, Deputy Chief Executive of the European Defence Agency André Denk, Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of National Defence Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz. 

EDA’s broader role

Founded in 2004, the Agency helps foster defence cooperation across Europe. It serves as the central hub for EU countries aiming to develop their defence capabilities together. EDA’s activities span from harmonising requirements and developing operational capabilities to research, technology, innovation, training, and supporting Common Security and Defence Policy operations. The agency also works closely with the European defence industry to strengthen Europe’s technological and industrial base.

Today, the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and the European Commission have presented a White Paper for European Defence – Readiness 2030. The Commission has also presented, as part of the ReArm Europe Plan/Readiness 2030, a detailed defence package providing financial levers to EU Member States to drive an investment surge in defence capabilities.

While the ReArm Europe Plan/Readiness 2030 strengthens pan-European defence capabilities with new financial means, the White Paper frames a new approach to defence and identifies investment needs. These measures aim to respond to the short-term urgency of supporting Ukraine, but also to address the pressing long-term need to boost Europe's security and defence at EU level.

“What we invest in defence is how we value our defence. And for the past few decades, we haven’t put a high enough price on it. We must spend more. At the same time, the value we add by working together is priceless” said Kaja Kallas, High Representative and Head of the European Defence Agency (EDA).

With 20 years of experience as the EU agency facilitating cooperation on defence, EDA stands ready to support Member States in delivering on current and future joint EU initiatives aimed at strengthening EU defence capabilities and bolstering the European Defence Industrial and Technological Base (EDTIB).

Read more: Commission unveils the White Paper for European Defence and the ReArm Europe Plan/Readiness 2030

A nearly two-year research effort developed by the European Defence Agency has made progress in developing smart camouflage technologies aimed at enhancing the stealth and survivability of military vehicles and equipment.

With modern surveillance technologies such as visible, radar and thermal detection becoming more advanced, there is a growing need for adaptive camouflage.

That is why the goal of the advanced solutions for camouflage of land Systems using smart and adaptive materials (ASCALS) project seeks to find new materials, and ways to apply them, for active and adaptive camouflage in the visible, infrared and radar ranges.

Collaborative effort across six Member States

The first phase of the project was executed by a consortium of 10 industrial and research entities, led by Adamant Composites (Greece) and comprising 10 industrial and research entities: the University of Luxembourg; TNO, MIS7 and Bolidt (the Netherlands); the Military Institute of Engineer Technology (WITI) and LUBAWA S.A. (Poland); CITEVE, INEGI, CINAMIL (Portugal) and the Swedish Defence Research Agency. 

ASCALS’s first phase aimed to develop materials that can dynamically adjust to different environmental conditions. With a budget of 1.3 million euros, the project focused on creating materials that can change their optical, thermal, and radar signatures to help ground-based military systems remain hidden.

The project explored innovative materials designed to adapt to various detection methods:

- Electrochromic materials: These can change their colour and reflectance on demand, helping systems blend into different environments.

- Liquid crystals: These materials can alter light transmission and reflection, particularly in infrared light, making it harder to detect objects.

- Phase-change materials: These advanced materials control heat emission, allowing systems to better manage their thermal signature and blend into varying temperatures.

- Graphene and electrolyte structures: By using the exceptional properties of graphene over infrared and radar signal reduction, the combination with an electrolyte allows the potential for controllability.

- Controllable meta-surfaces: Through an array of patches controlled by a custom app, the reflected radar signal is dynamically adjusted to the operational needs.

These adaptive materials can quickly adjust to changes in the environment, making them highly effective in real-time camouflage.

ASCALS II

ASCALS I has set the stage for the next phase of development. ASCALS II will focus on advancing these technologies further, with the goal of field-testing them on military platforms by 2027, subject to the interest and support of Member States. The results of ASCALS I show promise for military ground systems, and the technologies could even be adapted for use on air and maritime platforms in the future. 

About EDA

EDA supports its 27 Member States in improving their defence capabilities through European cooperation. Acting as an enabler and facilitator for Ministries of Defence willing to engage in collaborative capability projects, the Agency has become the ‘hub’ for European defence cooperation with expertise and networks allowing it to address the whole spectrum of capabilities.

Further information

• CapTech Ground Systems webpage
• CapTech Materials and Structures webpage

(B2) Dans cet essai, Richard Werly, correspondant pour Blick.ch, et François d'Alençon, grand reporter et ancien chef du service étranger

Today, at the Steering Board of the European Defence Agency (EDA), the 27 EU Ministers of Defence approved the Agency’s 2024 Long-Term Review (LTR). As strategic guidance given to EDA, the 2024 LTR outlines five core tasks for the Agency with a stronger focus on supporting Member States through the full development cycle of military capabilities. Ministers agreed to increase the number of EDA’s core tasks from three to five, with dedicated taskings on aggregating demand towards joint procurement and enabling collaborative defence research, technology, and innovation. Ministers were also briefed on preliminary opportunities stemming from the 2024 Coordinated Annual Review on Defence (CARD) and marked the 20th anniversary of the establishment of the Agency.

AN AGENCY FIT FOR THE FUTURE

Ministers of Defence endorsed an update of the Agency’s mandate to fully reflect the deteriorated security environment in Europe and the evolving role of the Agency within the EU defence landscape, marking 20 years since its establishment. Reflecting the dramatic geopolitical changes since 2017, when the last iteration of the LTR was approved, the 2024 LTR outlines how the Agency can support Ministries of Defence (MoDs) along all the capability development cycle, including limited off-the-shelf acquisitions, when Member States so decide.

The LTR also bolsters EDA role to voice MoDs’ joint positions at EU level and ensure the coherent alignment of current and future EU defence initiatives, policies, and legislation. The LTR also calls for the Agency to reinforce mutually beneficial cooperation with NATO through the conclusion of an Administrative Arrangement and fully leverage synergies with EU stakeholders to reflect defence needs.

Head of European Defence Agency and HR/VP, Josep Borrell said: “The European Defence Agency must have a more strategic role if we want to live up to the level of ambition that we have set for EU Defence in the Strategic Compass. The EU needs to develop defence capabilities to address the full range of threats we are facing. With a stronger and clearer vision, focused on capability development and the launch of concrete projects, the Agency can play a key role in building stronger and better equipped armed forces.”

EDA Chief Executive, Jiří Šedivý said: “This renewed and strengthened mandate ensures that Ministries of Defence have an Agency that is fit for the future. Ministers of Defence have endorsed a review that enhances the Agency’s ambitions, visibility, and support for Member States. With expanded tasks and a stronger intergovernmental voice, Ministers signal the Agency's crucial role in bolstering EU defence capabilities.”

INITIAL LOOK AT THE CARD(s) AND MARKING 20 YEARS OF EDA

Ministers were also presented with a preliminary assessment on the possible actionable collaborative opportunities stemming from the third CARD cycle. This Steering Board was used as an opportunity to allow Ministers to provide early guidance to help sharpen and finalise the opportunities to be highlighted in the final CARD Report which will be presented in November. 

Before the Steering Board was formally opened, Head of Agency, Josep Borrell, and EDA Chief Executive, Jiří Šedivý and Deputy Chief Executive, André Denk, marked the 20th anniversary of the establishment of the Agency. Created in 2004, EDA has played a pivotal role in greater European defence cooperation, and made tangible contributions to EU defence planning, capabilities, training and innovations.

Further information 

1. 2024 EDA Long Term Review Document
2. Fact Sheet – EDA Long Term Review
3. Timeline – EDA 20 Years Promoting European Defence Cooperation

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