Agrégateur de flux

The 0.7 per cent official development assistance/gross national income (ODA/GNI) target, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1970, is best understood as a partially successful norm that is now in active retreat. In this paper we discuss the history of the target using Finnemore and Sikkink's (1998) norm life cycle framework. We compare the 0.7 to analogous targets in defence, climate, education, health, and biodiversity. We argue that systematic underperformance is a structural feature of politically negotiated international input targets. The rise and retreat of the 0.7 is then not a distinct feature of development finance. The NATO 2 per cent/5 per cent case demonstrates that cascade is achievable under conditions of salience and enforcement. However, these are conditions that the 0.7 has not had. We propose ways forward based on the 0.7 target’s original rationale.

Walter Benjamin est, si l'on ose dire, à la mode. Et le risque de transformer une pensée qui dénonce l'illusion de la continuité, l'effacement des ruptures décisives, en bréviaire mélancolique n'est pas mince. Trois publications récentes résistent à cette canonisation consensuelle, en soulignant (…) / Idées, Intellectuels, Histoire, Pauvreté, Théâtre

While China and the U.S. still disagree on the size of nuclear forces and the path of arms control, can they exchange meaningful information on certain technical issues?

While coal continues to dominate India’s power supply, the country is also building clean energy at one of the fastest rates in the world.

An unarmed Mk21A reentry vehicle was tested this morning after being launched from Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, aboard a Minotaur I rocket. The launch was an in-flight environmental test supporting the development of the Air Force's new Mk21A RV.

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Today, the United States has imposed sanctions on the International Criminal Court as an institution. This unprecedented step follows a series of designations against thirteen independent Judges and prosecutors who serve the cause of justice.

The Trust Fund for Victims (TFV) is deeply concerned about the impact of the sanctions imposed by the United States on the International Criminal Court on 9 October 2026.

In einer Prozessanlage kommt fast alles, was durch Rohre, Behälter, Pumpen und Filter fließt, mit Edelstahl in Berührung. Ob die Anlage jahrelang ohne ungeplanten Stillstand läuft, wie schnell sie sich reinigen lässt und wie viel Energie und Reinigungsmittel dabei verbraucht werden, hängt stark davon ab, welche Sorte verbaut wurde und wie ihre Oberfläche beschaffen ist. Hinter dem Sammelbegriff Edelstahl stehen dabei Legierungen, die sich im Gehalt an Chrom, Nickel und Molybdän und damit in Preis und Korrosionsbeständigkeit unterscheiden. Eine Sorte, die in kaltem Leitungswasser problemlos hält, kann in einer heißen, salzhaltigen Lösung örtlich korrodieren.

Hinter den Werkstoffnummern stecken sehr unterschiedliche Legierungen

Die Norm EN 10088 listet nichtrostende Stähle mit Kurznamen und Werkstoffnummern. In der Prozesstechnik begegnen Planern vor allem vier Sorten:

• 1.4301 (X5CrNi18-10) mit rund 18 Prozent Chrom und ohne Molybdän, solide bei Wasser mit wenig Chlorid und für Konstruktionsteile
• 1.4404 (X2CrNiMo17-12-2, entspricht 316L) mit 2 bis 2,5 Prozent Molybdän und niedrigem Kohlenstoffgehalt, weit verbreitet für produktberührte Teile
• 1.4571 (X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2) mit gleichem Molybdängehalt und Titan als Stabilisator, für elektropolierte Hygieneoberflächen eher zweite Wahl
• 1.4462 (X2CrNiMoN22-5-3), ein Duplexstahl mit rund 22 Prozent Chrom, 3 Prozent Molybdän und Stickstoff, fester und in chloridhaltigen Medien deutlich beständiger

Molybdän und der höhere Nickelanteil machen 1.4404 teurer als 1.4301. Wie groß der Abstand ausfällt, hängt vom Legierungszuschlag ab, den die Stahlhersteller monatlich neu festlegen.

Am Filtergehäuse zeigt sich, was der Werkstoff aushalten muss

Filtergehäuse sitzen im vollen Medienstrom, sehen dieselbe Temperatur und dieselbe Reinigungschemie wie die Rohrleitung und werden zum Patronenwechsel regelmäßig geöffnet. Dichtflächen, Verschlüsse und Spalte werden dadurch zusätzlich beansprucht, und genau dort korrodiert ein Gehäuse aus dem falschen Werkstoff meist zuerst.

JMF Filters fertigt seine Edelstahl-Filtergehäuse aus 316L und gibt für die Standardausführung eine Druckklasse bis 21 bar und eine Höchsttemperatur von 135 °C an, für höhere Werte gibt es angepasste Versionen. Die Gehäuse lassen sich direkt in die Rohrleitung einbauen oder mit einer Halterung montieren und nehmen unterschiedliche Filterpatronen auf. Als Einsatzfelder nennt der Hersteller unter anderem Wasseraufbereitung, chemische Verarbeitung, Lebensmittelherstellung und industrielle Kühlsysteme. Für die Auswahl zählen neben solchen Kennwerten der Dichtungswerkstoff und die Frage, wie viel Chlorid das Medium enthält.

Chloride und Temperatur setzen jeder Sorte Grenzen

Nichtrostende Stähle verdanken ihre Beständigkeit einer dünnen Passivschicht aus Chromoxid. Chloride können sie örtlich durchbrechen, dann entsteht Lochkorrosion, in engen Spalten unter Dichtungen auch Spaltkorrosion. Als Vergleichsmaß dient die Wirksumme, international PREN genannt, die aus den Gehalten an Chrom, Molybdän und Stickstoff berechnet wird. Sie liegt bei 1.4301 etwa zwischen 18 und 20, bei 1.4404 und 1.4571 knapp unter 25 und bei Duplex 1.4462 bei etwa 35.

Die Orientierungshilfe zur Werkstoffauswahl der Informationsstelle Edelstahl Rostfrei weist allerdings darauf hin, dass die Wirksumme eine empirische Regel ist, die für den atmosphärischen Bereich bei nicht erhöhter Temperatur gilt. In warmen, chloridhaltigen Prozessmedien reicht der Zahlenvergleich deshalb nicht aus. Austenitische Sorten wie 1.4404 können dort zusätzlich Spannungsrisskorrosion erleiden, gegen die Duplexstahl deutlich widerstandsfähiger ist.

Glatte Oberflächen verkürzen Reinigungszyklen

In Lebensmittel-, Getränke- und Pharmaanlagen bestimmt die Oberfläche, wie leicht sich Rückstände und Biofilme entfernen lassen. Für produktberührte Flächen gilt häufig ein Mittenrauwert Ra von höchstens 0,8 Mikrometern als Richtwert, wie ihn auch die Hygienic-Design-Leitlinien der EHEDG nennen. Elektropolieren trägt eine dünne Schicht ab, ebnet die Spitzen der Mikrorauheit ein und reichert Chrom in der Passivschicht an. Schweißnähte verdienen besondere Aufmerksamkeit, weil Anlauffarben die Beständigkeit schwächen und durch Beizen entfernt werden müssen.

CIP und SIP belasten Werkstoff und Dichtungen bei jedem Zyklus

Bei der Reinigung im eingebauten Zustand (Cleaning in Place, CIP) laufen heiße Lauge und Säure im Wechsel durch Leitungen, Behälter und Gehäuse. Edelstahl verträgt diese Medien gut, solange keine chlorhaltigen Reiniger oder hohe Chloridgehalte im Spülwasser hinzukommen. Bei der Sterilisation im eingebauten Zustand (SIP) wirkt Sattdampf, häufig bei 121 °C. Das Prinzip ähnelt der Dampfsterilisation, auf die auch Autoklaven in professionellen Umgebungen setzen.

Temperaturbereich und Reinigungsplan gehören deshalb für alle Teile im Kreislauf in die Spezifikation. Elastomerdichtungen altern unter Dampf und Lauge oft schneller als der Stahl, ihr Werkstoff und das Wechselintervall sollten von Anfang an mitgeplant werden.

Die Druckgeräterichtlinie gilt auch für Filtergehäuse

Gehäuse, die unter Druck betrieben werden, fallen unter die Druckgeräterichtlinie 2014/68/EU, sobald der maximal zulässige Druck PS über 0,5 bar liegt. Eingestuft werden sie wie Behälter nach Druck, Volumen und Fluidgruppe, wobei für entzündliche oder giftige Medien höhere Kategorien früher greifen als für Wasser. Ab Kategorie I ist eine Konformitätsbewertung mit CE-Kennzeichnung vorgeschrieben, ab Kategorie II unter Beteiligung einer benannten Stelle. Kleinere Gehäuse für ungefährliche Flüssigkeiten liegen häufig unterhalb dieser Grenzen. Sie müssen dann nach guter Ingenieurpraxis gebaut sein und dürfen kein CE-Zeichen nach dieser Richtlinie tragen.

Bei der Beschaffung sollten deshalb der maximal zulässige Druck, die zulässigen Temperaturen, das Volumen und eine Prüfbescheinigung für den Werkstoff vorliegen, in der Regel ein Abnahmeprüfzeugnis 3.1 nach EN 10204.

Lebenszykluskosten zeigen, was ein günstiger Werkstoff tatsächlich kostet

Über die Wirtschaftlichkeit einer Sorte entscheidet die gesamte Nutzungsdauer. Zu den Lebenszykluskosten zählen Reinigungszeit, Chemikalien, Energie für heiße CIP-Medien und Dampf, Ersatzteile, Ausfallzeiten und schließlich der Austausch ganzer Bauteile. Ein verschmutzter oder zu klein ausgelegter Filter erhöht außerdem den Druckverlust, den die Pumpe mit mehr Leistung ausgleicht. Damit wirkt die Filterauslegung bis in die Antriebstechnik hinein, die für die Energieeffizienz einer Anlage grundlegend ist.

Planungsfehler, die im Betrieb Geld kosten

• Sorte nach dem Medium gewählt, ohne Chloridgehalt und Temperatur in Betrieb und Reinigung zu prüfen
• Dichtungen vergessen, obwohl sie oft vor dem Stahl versagen
• Edelstahl direkt mit verzinktem oder unlegiertem Stahl verbunden, was Kontaktkorrosion am unedleren Metall begünstigt
• Werkzeuge aus der Bearbeitung von unlegiertem Stahl verwendet, sodass Fremdrost entsteht
• Schweißnähte weder gebeizt noch passiviert
• keine Werkstoffbescheinigung angefordert, sodass sich die Sorte später nicht nachweisen lässt

Die passende Sorte senkt über Jahre Reinigungsaufwand und Energiebedarf

Medium, Temperatur und Reinigungsplan gehören bei der Werkstoffwahl zusammen auf den Tisch. 1.4404 deckt viele produktberührte Anwendungen ab, Duplex 1.4462 ist die Reserve für warme, chloridhaltige Medien, und 1.4301 bleibt für unkritische Bereiche eine wirtschaftliche Lösung. Glatte, sauber nachbehandelte Oberflächen verkürzen Reinigungszyklen, die Druckgeräterichtlinie regelt die Nachweise, und erst die Rechnung über die gesamte Lebensdauer zeigt, ob sich ein höher legierter Werkstoff lohnt.

Der Beitrag Edelstahl in der Prozesstechnik: Warum die Werkstoffwahl über Effizienz entscheidet erschien zuerst auf Neurope.eu - News aus Europa.

The OECD’s aid committee turns 70 in 2031, as record aid cuts and a shift from solidarity to self-interest reshape why countries give. Where this leads is still open. Aid could become a genuine partnership, a deal between elites, a tool of geopolitical bargaining or a purely commercial transaction. Each path would change the committee’s role, and with it the future of the 0.7% aid target.

The OECD’s aid committee turns 70 in 2031, as record aid cuts and a shift from solidarity to self-interest reshape why countries give. Where this leads is still open. Aid could become a genuine partnership, a deal between elites, a tool of geopolitical bargaining or a purely commercial transaction. Each path would change the committee’s role, and with it the future of the 0.7% aid target.

The OECD’s aid committee turns 70 in 2031, as record aid cuts and a shift from solidarity to self-interest reshape why countries give. Where this leads is still open. Aid could become a genuine partnership, a deal between elites, a tool of geopolitical bargaining or a purely commercial transaction. Each path would change the committee’s role, and with it the future of the 0.7% aid target.

Source : © European Union, 2026 - EP

Source : © European Union, 2026 - EP

The discussion paper assesses whether and how newly established national development banks (NDBs), specifically the Development Bank Ghana (DBG) and the Development Bank of Nigeria (DBN), are growing into independent and impactful institutions capable of fostering sustainable development. It focuses on five analytical dimensions: (1) institutional independence, (2) the diversification of funding sources and the scaling up of operations, (3) the relationship between NDBs and participating financial institutions (PFIs), (4) collaboration between NDBs and development partners (DPs), namely multilateral development banks (MDBs) and bilateral development finance institutions and (5) sustainability and green finance. The research adopts a qualitative comparative case study methodology, drawing on 55 semi-structured interviews conducted across Ghana and Nigeria with representatives from NDBs, PFIs, DPs, civil society organisations and other relevant stakeholders such as finance ministries, central banks and providers of technical assistance. The data are analysed using qualitative content analysis and triangulation. The discussion paper aims to provide insights for policymakers, central banks and DPs, and inform the design of future NDBs regarding how they can become strong institutions that support long-term development objectives. 
Our results show that DBG and DBN have emerged as relevant actors within the Ghanaian and Nigerian development finance landscapes, particularly through their role in facilitating access to long-term and often concessional funding, which helps PFIs expanding lending to MSMEs and underserved sectors. Furthermore, the study finds that both institutions have established governance and accountability structures that, together with their wholesale lending models, provide substantial protection against political interference. In particular, strong support from DPs proved central to the establishment, growth and operationalisation of both NDBs. Beyond financial resources, DPs provided technical assistance, institutional capacity building, governance support and sustainability expertise. Another notable finding of the study is that DBG and DBN foster sustainability by embedding environmental and social principles into their strategies and operations, and making sustainability a core institutional priority, especially through wholesale lending, technical assistance and the integration of sustainability. At the same time, the study identifies several constraints related to limited funding volumes, high pricing, limited risk-sharing mechanisms, administrative burdens associated with DP engagement and challenges in adapting international sustainability standards to local contexts. Overall, the findings suggest that although DBG and DBN have generated substantial development value, established strong governance structures and demonstrated institutional independence, increasing their impact will require the mobilisation of additional funding to scale up their operations and activities.
 

The discussion paper assesses whether and how newly established national development banks (NDBs), specifically the Development Bank Ghana (DBG) and the Development Bank of Nigeria (DBN), are growing into independent and impactful institutions capable of fostering sustainable development. It focuses on five analytical dimensions: (1) institutional independence, (2) the diversification of funding sources and the scaling up of operations, (3) the relationship between NDBs and participating financial institutions (PFIs), (4) collaboration between NDBs and development partners (DPs), namely multilateral development banks (MDBs) and bilateral development finance institutions and (5) sustainability and green finance. The research adopts a qualitative comparative case study methodology, drawing on 55 semi-structured interviews conducted across Ghana and Nigeria with representatives from NDBs, PFIs, DPs, civil society organisations and other relevant stakeholders such as finance ministries, central banks and providers of technical assistance. The data are analysed using qualitative content analysis and triangulation. The discussion paper aims to provide insights for policymakers, central banks and DPs, and inform the design of future NDBs regarding how they can become strong institutions that support long-term development objectives. 
Our results show that DBG and DBN have emerged as relevant actors within the Ghanaian and Nigerian development finance landscapes, particularly through their role in facilitating access to long-term and often concessional funding, which helps PFIs expanding lending to MSMEs and underserved sectors. Furthermore, the study finds that both institutions have established governance and accountability structures that, together with their wholesale lending models, provide substantial protection against political interference. In particular, strong support from DPs proved central to the establishment, growth and operationalisation of both NDBs. Beyond financial resources, DPs provided technical assistance, institutional capacity building, governance support and sustainability expertise. Another notable finding of the study is that DBG and DBN foster sustainability by embedding environmental and social principles into their strategies and operations, and making sustainability a core institutional priority, especially through wholesale lending, technical assistance and the integration of sustainability. At the same time, the study identifies several constraints related to limited funding volumes, high pricing, limited risk-sharing mechanisms, administrative burdens associated with DP engagement and challenges in adapting international sustainability standards to local contexts. Overall, the findings suggest that although DBG and DBN have generated substantial development value, established strong governance structures and demonstrated institutional independence, increasing their impact will require the mobilisation of additional funding to scale up their operations and activities.
 

The discussion paper assesses whether and how newly established national development banks (NDBs), specifically the Development Bank Ghana (DBG) and the Development Bank of Nigeria (DBN), are growing into independent and impactful institutions capable of fostering sustainable development. It focuses on five analytical dimensions: (1) institutional independence, (2) the diversification of funding sources and the scaling up of operations, (3) the relationship between NDBs and participating financial institutions (PFIs), (4) collaboration between NDBs and development partners (DPs), namely multilateral development banks (MDBs) and bilateral development finance institutions and (5) sustainability and green finance. The research adopts a qualitative comparative case study methodology, drawing on 55 semi-structured interviews conducted across Ghana and Nigeria with representatives from NDBs, PFIs, DPs, civil society organisations and other relevant stakeholders such as finance ministries, central banks and providers of technical assistance. The data are analysed using qualitative content analysis and triangulation. The discussion paper aims to provide insights for policymakers, central banks and DPs, and inform the design of future NDBs regarding how they can become strong institutions that support long-term development objectives. 
Our results show that DBG and DBN have emerged as relevant actors within the Ghanaian and Nigerian development finance landscapes, particularly through their role in facilitating access to long-term and often concessional funding, which helps PFIs expanding lending to MSMEs and underserved sectors. Furthermore, the study finds that both institutions have established governance and accountability structures that, together with their wholesale lending models, provide substantial protection against political interference. In particular, strong support from DPs proved central to the establishment, growth and operationalisation of both NDBs. Beyond financial resources, DPs provided technical assistance, institutional capacity building, governance support and sustainability expertise. Another notable finding of the study is that DBG and DBN foster sustainability by embedding environmental and social principles into their strategies and operations, and making sustainability a core institutional priority, especially through wholesale lending, technical assistance and the integration of sustainability. At the same time, the study identifies several constraints related to limited funding volumes, high pricing, limited risk-sharing mechanisms, administrative burdens associated with DP engagement and challenges in adapting international sustainability standards to local contexts. Overall, the findings suggest that although DBG and DBN have generated substantial development value, established strong governance structures and demonstrated institutional independence, increasing their impact will require the mobilisation of additional funding to scale up their operations and activities.
 

Preparing individuals to contribute to sustainability transformations has become an increasingly important challenge for higher education, professional training and leadership development. While research has identified a wide range of sustainability competences, comparatively less attention has been paid to how these competences can be fostered through purposefully designed learning environments. Drawing on nearly 20 years of experience with the Managing Global Governance (MGG) Academy of the German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS), this paper offers a practice-informed perspective on competence development for future changemakers.
The paper addresses two questions: what competences are particularly relevant for individuals seeking to contribute to sustainability transformations and global cooperation, and how can learning environments be designed to strengthen these competences? Building on experience from the MGG Academy and relating it to literature on sustainability competences, transformative learning and adult education, the paper develops a competence model organised around three complementary dimensions – sense-making, cooperation and transformation – and operationalises 11 competences by distinguishing the knowledge, skills and attitudinal components associated with them. The paper further derives six recommendations for learning design: intentionally curating diversity, fostering trust and psychological safety, enabling mutual learning, aligning learning activities with the intended competence development, creating structured opportunities for reflection, and designing learning for transfer to professional practice.
Rather than proposing a universal blueprint, the paper demonstrates how competence models can provide orientation for coherent programme design and how learning theory can be translated into practical educational approaches. It concludes that competence development constitutes an important contribution to sustainability transformations, while recognising that impact also depends on supportive organisational environments, professional networks and broader institutional conditions. By connecting theoretical insights with nearly two decades of practical experience, the paper contributes to the growing discussion on how learning and dialogue programmes can strengthen the people and relationships through which transformative change becomes possible.

Preparing individuals to contribute to sustainability transformations has become an increasingly important challenge for higher education, professional training and leadership development. While research has identified a wide range of sustainability competences, comparatively less attention has been paid to how these competences can be fostered through purposefully designed learning environments. Drawing on nearly 20 years of experience with the Managing Global Governance (MGG) Academy of the German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS), this paper offers a practice-informed perspective on competence development for future changemakers.
The paper addresses two questions: what competences are particularly relevant for individuals seeking to contribute to sustainability transformations and global cooperation, and how can learning environments be designed to strengthen these competences? Building on experience from the MGG Academy and relating it to literature on sustainability competences, transformative learning and adult education, the paper develops a competence model organised around three complementary dimensions – sense-making, cooperation and transformation – and operationalises 11 competences by distinguishing the knowledge, skills and attitudinal components associated with them. The paper further derives six recommendations for learning design: intentionally curating diversity, fostering trust and psychological safety, enabling mutual learning, aligning learning activities with the intended competence development, creating structured opportunities for reflection, and designing learning for transfer to professional practice.
Rather than proposing a universal blueprint, the paper demonstrates how competence models can provide orientation for coherent programme design and how learning theory can be translated into practical educational approaches. It concludes that competence development constitutes an important contribution to sustainability transformations, while recognising that impact also depends on supportive organisational environments, professional networks and broader institutional conditions. By connecting theoretical insights with nearly two decades of practical experience, the paper contributes to the growing discussion on how learning and dialogue programmes can strengthen the people and relationships through which transformative change becomes possible.

Preparing individuals to contribute to sustainability transformations has become an increasingly important challenge for higher education, professional training and leadership development. While research has identified a wide range of sustainability competences, comparatively less attention has been paid to how these competences can be fostered through purposefully designed learning environments. Drawing on nearly 20 years of experience with the Managing Global Governance (MGG) Academy of the German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS), this paper offers a practice-informed perspective on competence development for future changemakers.
The paper addresses two questions: what competences are particularly relevant for individuals seeking to contribute to sustainability transformations and global cooperation, and how can learning environments be designed to strengthen these competences? Building on experience from the MGG Academy and relating it to literature on sustainability competences, transformative learning and adult education, the paper develops a competence model organised around three complementary dimensions – sense-making, cooperation and transformation – and operationalises 11 competences by distinguishing the knowledge, skills and attitudinal components associated with them. The paper further derives six recommendations for learning design: intentionally curating diversity, fostering trust and psychological safety, enabling mutual learning, aligning learning activities with the intended competence development, creating structured opportunities for reflection, and designing learning for transfer to professional practice.
Rather than proposing a universal blueprint, the paper demonstrates how competence models can provide orientation for coherent programme design and how learning theory can be translated into practical educational approaches. It concludes that competence development constitutes an important contribution to sustainability transformations, while recognising that impact also depends on supportive organisational environments, professional networks and broader institutional conditions. By connecting theoretical insights with nearly two decades of practical experience, the paper contributes to the growing discussion on how learning and dialogue programmes can strengthen the people and relationships through which transformative change becomes possible.