Diplomacy & Defense Think Tank News

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Completing three years overseeing the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), Special Representative of the Secretary-General (SRSG) Karin Landgren reflected at IPI on the progress Liberia has made toward peace and stability, as well as the critical challenges facing the country.

Those years have been consequential ones for Liberia and the UN. During her tenure, the peacekeeping force saw significant drawdown, there was an outbreak of Ebola, and elections were held. The reduction of peacekeepers continues at present, as UNMIL’s mandate expires in a year’s time.

Emerging from war in 2003, Liberia signaled a new direction with the historic election of President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf three years later. As her term comes to an end in 2017, Presidential hopefuls will need to address reconciliation, security risks, and development.

“Liberia has made significant progress, including in the last three years,” she said. At her arrival, UNMIL had a peacekeeping force of 15,000, which was then reduced to 8,000, and, eventually, its military component was just 3,200.

Drawing upon that experience, Ms. Landgren speculated about the future of the country, as the UN works toward fulfilling its obligation to transfer security responsibilities to national authorities by June 30, 2016, in accordance with Resolution 2190 of 2014.

“Certainly the coming transition from UN Peacekeeping has to be managed very carefully,” she recognized. “UNMIL remains a reassuring presence. There is a real fear of a retreating UN.”

UNMIL’s security responsibilities have been different from other peacekeeping missions, particularly post-conflict missions. Overall, UNMIL’s role has not been to serve as a buffer between chaos and stability. Tasks are more of a supporting nature, such as guarding the country’s two main prisons. Approximately half a dozen tasks managed directly by UNMIL are to be taken over by Liberia in what she called “a staggered fashion” in the coming months.

The Liberian conflict is at a later stage, she said, and the peacekeeping mission serves to shore up national actors ahead of the full transition. “UNMIL has not been the first-line protection in Liberia, with the exception of protection of civilians, where required,” she said. “We have been the back up to national actors. So there has been a steady transition taking place throughout these years.”

This is not the only manner in which Liberia is unique among post-conflict countries. “Particularly for a post-conflict context, this is an environment largely free of political repression, of political prisoners, of extra judicial killings,” she emphasized.

Among the successes she highlighted were attracting $16-19 billion in foreign direct investment since 2005, and conducting a mid-term senatorial election last December, a considerable feat for any country emerging from conflict, let alone one at the center of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, along with neighbors Guinea and Sierra Leone.

“Ebola has also strengthened something in the Liberian national fabric,” Ms. Landgren said, describing Liberia’s “resilience.” Its citizens were even able to draw something positive from the public health emergency, she said.

“Ebola, at its best, called forth extraordinary examples of togetherness and community spirit, and this should not be lost.” She continued, “This is part of what makes decentralization so vital, drawing more of the country into its own governance.”

Noting the criticism the international response to the Ebola outbreak had generated, Ms. Landgren posed a few questions. “How does the world respond quickly to health emergencies?” she asked. “How do you get in quickly to communities, who are the front lines, who need to change their behaviors, often behaviors that are sensitive, religiously driven, dear to them, whether its burial practices or others that we’re talking about, and where there is this mistrust of central government; how do you get right into that inner circle of trust and get the right messages across in a reliable way?”

The Ebola crisis did take its toll on the frequently troubled border with Côte d’Ivoire. Before the outbreak, progress was being made, but unfortunately, that dialogue had to be “put on ice,” she explained. The border between the two countries was closed on the Ivorian side, which was unaffected during the Ebola Crisis.

With impacts ranging from loss of trade to the suspension of refugee repatriation, the border, which remains closed, is “something to watch,” she said. She predicts this will be a key issue in the leadership battles in both countries, with Côte d’Ivoire heading to the polls in October, and Liberia holding Presidential elections in 2017.

By Ms. Landgren’s evaluation, there is much to be celebrated in development of Liberian institutions, as a result of the mission’s support. “We’ve seen positive changes in terms of recruitment, training, capability,” she said. “By the security sector, it is primarily the police.”

However, discussing the national roadmap for the security transition, she highlighted three key areas in need of improvement in the country: resources, management, and public trust.

The lack of resources, in particular for the police force, was made abundantly clear to Ms. Landgren, when she “traveled around saying goodbye.” In the provinces, she said, “they have no functioning vehicles at all.” She said the police force is “struggling to establish a meaningful presence outside the capital.”

A second area where the security sector needs improvement is in management. It will be a challenge to “incentivize good administration and governance within the security sector,” she said, “when the pull of parallel ways of doing business is so powerful.”

The third area she anticipates as a challenge in the security transition will be building public trust for Liberia’s national institutions. Noting that “Governance in Liberia wasn’t strong before the war,” Ms. Landgren explained that transferring the trust developed by UNMIL to national institutions would not be easy because when the UN leaves, the Liberian government will not simply be “building up something that has existed in the past.”

In that connection, Ms. Landgren reminded the audience that Liberia remains a divided society, and a history of social exclusion has created cleavages between citizens and government, as the Security Council recognized.

In her consultations around the country, Ms. Landgren found that “more than one Liberian has told me, bitterly, that every relationship is transactional,” she said, of their opinion of their government. “These are lessons that start early. School children are asked to give cash or give sex for grades.”

These early interactions with national authority figures have real consequences for public trust, she said. “What we’re seeing and hearing is really the shadow system is stronger than the official system. The work they do in school is irrelevant to the outcome. And that their role models can abuse them with impunity.”

One way to address these cleavages will be “developing human capital, which could help level this playing field more,” she said. However, while aspects of the government remain personalized to the benefit of a “small, dominant elite,” rather than systems-based, as she described it, implementing such a policy “has not had high priority.”

For these reasons, economic planning is especially politicized in the country, and without providing economic opportunity for all Liberians, she said, the country is susceptible to relapse into conflict. “We don’t necessarily see the question of economic structure as part and parcel of peace consolidation, and I believe that it is – it must be.”

With its extractives-driven economy, Liberia has consistently experienced high growth rates, but the benefits have not trickled down. Ms. Landgren sympathized with a member of the audience who contended, “Liberia may be experiencing growth, but for whom? Who does it benefit?”

“The expression ‘growth without development’ was coined in the 1970s about Liberia, so to some degree this risks being déjà vu all over again,” she responded. “That is why this area of economic structure is directly linked to stability.”

She painted a picture of the kind of development the country is lacking. “Social services are very weak, as we also saw during Ebola. Growth has been the top priority,” she said. “Investment plans have centered on infrastructure and energy. Justice and security have also had relatively low priority.”

She concluded her answer by again giving voice to the many Liberians she has spoken with as SRSG. “There is discontent, there is resentment, when I exit the SRSG bubble and talk to Liberians about how they understand reconciliation,” she said.

“One common demand has often been ‘feeling part of economic development.’ People want the road to come to their village, they want access to market, and they want jobs,” she explained, citing the responses she received upon asking what would make citizens feel reconciled.

She emphasized that Liberia has done remarkably well for a country emerging from war; but its citizens, especially the youth, remain a risk factor without opportunities from jobs to education readily available. “A country with Liberia’s prospects should be able to do that. This is the wealthiest post-conflict country I’ve ever worked in,” she said. As a result, “it has enormous potential.”

“Liberia itself has defined how to arrive at a shared sense of nationhood,” she concluded. She praised plans for reconciliation already in progress, including the Reconciliation Roadmap of 2012, but lamented that the “activities in the roadmap are largely, if not entirely, funded by the partners.”

Ms. Landgren stressed that ownership of the national reconciliation project is what will enable its success. “What I would hope to see, is more of a push from Liberian society itself, to take hold of these ‘unity’ ‘reconciliation’ ‘accountability’ and ‘justice’ initiatives, and run with them,” she said. “We’re seeing some of that, which is encouraging.”

IPI Senior Adviser for External Relations Warren Hoge moderated the conversation.

Watch event:

Le nombre de diplômés de l’enseignement supérieur est en constante augmentation, année après année. En parallèle, on constate un allongement de la durée des études, avec le master qui s’impose de plus en plus comme la norme. Pour autant, le chômage et le déclassement des jeunes se maintiennent à des niveaux historiquement hauts.

Cet article Julien Gonzalez : Enseignement supérieur : les limites de la « mastérisation » est apparu en premier sur Fondapol.

Retrouvez ici les photos de l’évènement « Valeurs d’islam, république et citoyenneté ».
La Fondation pour l’innovation politique a organisé une matinée exceptionnelle de débats le dimanche 14 juin, de 9h à 13h, autour du thème : « Valeurs d’islam, république et citoyenneté ».

Cet article « Valeurs d’islam, république et citoyenneté » – Photos de l’événement est apparu en premier sur Fondapol.

Associate Professor  at the University of Athens and  Senior Research Fellow at ELIAMEP Dimitri A. Sotiropoulos gave an interview to Der Spiegel magazine discussing the Greek crisis. The interview is available here.

Research Fellow of ELIAMEP Dr Filippa Chatzistavrou wrote an analysis on the referendum in Greece. This analysis was published on the website of the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS). It is available here.

Research Fellow of  ELIAMEP Dr Filippa Chatzistavrou analysed the referendum on RTBF. The article was published on 7 July 2015 and is available here.

Entrevista - 7/7/2015
La Voz de Galicia
Entrevista de María Cedrón a Miguel Otero Iglesias en La Voz de Galicia sobre el futuro de Grecia tras resultado del referendum del pasado 5 de julio.

DT 11/2015 - 7/7/2015
Javier Arregui
El documento aporta un marco analítico sobre el concepto de poder, influencia y capacidades dentro del contexto de la acción política que llevan a cabo los Estados miembros (EM) en el proceso político de la Unión Europea (UE).

Opinión - 7/7/2015
Federico Steinberg
El escenario que se abre en Grecia tras la victoria del ‘no’ en el referéndum griego es enormemente incierto. Lo único que se puede afirmar es que Grexit es más probable que nunca, aunque aún es evitable.

Opinión - 6/7/2015
Miguel Otero-Iglesias
La tragedia griega demuestra que si queremos mantener el euro necesitamos construir estructuras democráticas legítimas, es decir, un soberano europeo que decida como se reparten los costes de la crisis.

Le Premier ministre chinois Li Keqiang était en visite officielle en France les 30 juin, 1er et 2 juillet 2015 pour des pourparlers ayant pour but de promouvoir la coopération entre la Chine et la France.
À cette occasion, Laurence Daziano a réalisé un entretien avec la chaine chinoise CCTV sur la coopération entre la France et la Chine, notamment dans le domaine nucléaire.

Cet article Laurence Daziano – CCTV – La France et la Chine veulent renforcer leur coopération est apparu en premier sur Fondapol.

European Think Tanks Group (ETTG)
Bonn, London, Maastricht, Madrid, Paris, 06.07.2015. Eines der wichtigsten, aber kaum beachteten, Ergebnisse des Europäischen Rates von vergangener Woche war der Auftrag an die Außenbeauftragte der EU, Federica Mogherini, eine „globale Strategie der EU für Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik“ zu erarbeiten. Zu sehr stehen die Griechenland-Krise, der Streit über Einwanderung und die Forderung des Vereinigten Königreichs, die Bedingungen seiner EU-Mitgliedschaft neu zu verhandeln, im medialen Vordergrund. Diese Ratsentscheidung gibt der früheren italienischen Außerministerin das Mandat, einen neuen Weg in der Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik zu beschreiten. Es ist jedoch ein mit Steinen übersäter Weg, den Frau Mogherini mit gemischten Gefühlen betrachten muss. In vielen Bereichen baut sich Druck auf – durch Russland im Osten, Instabilität im Nahen Osten, gescheiterte Staaten in Afrika und durch globale Bedrohungen wie den Klimawandel. Gleichzeitig wirken Europas unterschiedliche Interessen und Fähigkeiten immer wieder als Hemmnis für gemeinsames Handeln. Die Migrationskrise bietet ein perfektes Beispiel. Einige Länder sind nicht bereit, mehr Einwanderer aufzunehmen. Andere Länder beklagen, dass illegale Einwanderung den Druck auf ihre Gesellschaft stärker erhöht als die aktuellen Flüchtlingsströme. Wieder andere sagen, dass das Problem durch Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und humanitärer Hilfe an der Wurzel angepackt werden muss. Bestenfalls kann gesagt werden, dass ein kleiner Schritt getan ist. Es braucht aber noch Zeit, bis eine gemeinsame Position entsteht, die diesen Namen verdient. Tatsache ist, dass der Europäische Rat sieben Jahre nach der EU-Finanzkrise immer noch in Uneinigkeit verharrt. Seine Position ist bei miteinander verknüpften Themen widersprüchlich. Er verdeutlicht damit einmal mehr, dass Europas Strategie für langfristige Sicherheit und Wohlstand eine konzertierte Aktion über das gesamte Spektrum der EU-Innen- und Außenpolitiken erfordert – von der Handels-, Finanz-, Energie-, Klima und Entwicklungspolitik bis zur Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik. Die großen Herausforderungen, vor denen Europa steht, verlangen gemeinsames Handeln auf europäischer Ebene und regelmäßige Überprüfungen der Strategie. EU-Politik ist nicht immer so beschwerlich. Die EU hat vor Kurzem Sanktionen gegen Russland verhängt und bekräftigt. Sie hat in Gesprächen mit dem Iran gut zusammengearbeitet und sich auf eine einigermaßen ambitionierte Position zum Klimawandel verständigt. Man kann also etwas erreichen. Welche Lehren sollten die EU und ihre Mitgliedsstaaten ziehen? Erstens müssen sie sich klar sein, dass eine globale Strategie für Europa einen wirklich integrierten Ansatz erfordert. Zum Beispiel können die tieferen Ursachen von illegaler Einwanderung und Flüchtlingsströmen nicht allein mit einem sicherheitsorientierten Ansatz angegangen werden, der aus Mauern und Marineoperationen besteht. Ohne die richtige Mischung aus EU-Instrumenten und Partnerschaften wird Europa weiterhin Brandbekämpfung mit wenig Hoffnung auf Problemlösung betreiben. Als European Think Tanks Group haben wir in dem im September 2014 veröffentlichten Bericht ‚Unser gemeinsames Interesse’ erklärt, dass die neue europäische Globalstrategie in ihrem Streben und ihrer Sprache integriert und strategisch sein muss und daher die interne EU-Politik mit den Bereichen des äußeren Handelns verknüpft. Zweitens sollten sich die EU und ihre Mitgliedsstaaten konsequent der Herausforderungen (und Möglichkeiten) annehmen, die eindeutig gemeinsames Handeln auf europäischer Ebene verlangen. Obwohl die Europäische Sicherheitsstrategie von 2003 versuchte, über einen sicherheitsorientierten Ansatz hinauszugehen, konzentrierte sie sich auf äußere Bedrohungen und zeigte wenig Gespür für die gemeinsame Verantwortung für die Welt, ihre Ressourcen und ihre Menschen. Europa ist in der Welt aufgrund seines integrierten, präventiven und langfristigen Werteansatzes bei globalen öffentlichen Gütern, seines geteilten Wohlstandes und seiner Prosperität weiterhin ein globaler Machtfaktor. Es sind diese Werte, von der die Zukunft der EU abhängt. Wir erwarten daher, dass die nächste EU-Strategie die Post-2015-Agenda mit ihren neuen, universellen Zielen nachhaltiger Entwicklung, den Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), die voraussichtlich im September 2015 von der Generalversammlung der Vereinten Nationen verabschiedet werden, widerspiegelt. Die EU sollte gleichermaßen eine Bestandsaufnahme bei ihren internen Versäumnissen und jenen vor ihrer Haustür vornehmen. In ‚Unserem gemeinsamen Interesse‘ heben wir die Notwendigkeit für die EU hervor, zu einem Wachstumsmodell des 21. Jahrhunderts beizutragen, das verantwortlichen Handel und die Koordinierung der Finanzpolitik betont. Drittens wird es eine wesentliche Herausforderung für die globale EU-Strategie sein, Prioritäten zu setzen, indem eine handhabbare Zahl von Themen identifiziert wird, zu denen die EU Wesentliches beitragen kann. Erfolg in einigen Bereichen könnte die öffentliche Meinung und die politische Führung dazu bringen, die nächste Runde gemeinsamen EU-Handelns zu unterstützen. Zu diesen Prioritäten muss weiterhin die europäische Führungsrolle in der Klimapolitik gehören, legale Einwanderung muss erleichtert werden und die EU muss sich der schwachen, fragilen oder gescheiterten Staaten in ihrer Nachbarschaft annehmen. Die Europäische Union steht vor harten und folgenschweren Entscheidungen im In- und Ausland. Der Ausgang der schweren Krise in Griechenland wird weitreichende Folgen haben, auch auf der internationalen Bühne. Wir unterschätzen nicht die Schwerstarbeit, die von Federica Mogherini, den EU-Institutionen und den Mitgliedsstaaten geleistet werden muss, um einen Wandel zu erreichen. Doch wir fordern die politische Führung Europas auf, neue Entschlossenheit zu zeigen, um sich den Herausforderungen, vor denen Europa steht, in Umfang und Tragweite – gemeinsam – zu stellen. Ewald Wermuth, European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM)
Giovanni Grevi, Fundacion para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Dialogo Exterior (FRIDE)
Dirk Messner, German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE)
Teresa Ribera, Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI)
Kevin Watkins, Overseas Development Institute (ODI) Dieser Artikel wurde erstmals am 03.07.2015 bei euractiv.com veröffentlicht. Über die European Think Tanks Group:
Die European Think Tanks Group (ETTG) vereint fünf führende europäische Think-Tanks, die sich mit internationaler Entwicklung befassen: das Deutsche Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), das Overseas Development Institute (ODI), das European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM), Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE) und das Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI).

President of ELIAMEP, Professor Loukas Tsoukalis gave an interview to Fileleftheros discussing the referendum in Greece and the evolution of the crisis. The interview is available here (in Greek).

ARI 35/2015 - 3/7/2015
Mira Milosevich-Juaristi
Rusia no representa una amenaza directa para Europa, pero sí es una amenaza existencial: no es un socio en la paz sino un rival por el poder, percibe la aproximación de la UE y de la OTAN a sus fronteras como una amenaza a su seguridad nacional y Europa no parece estar preparada para responder al desafío que le plantea Rusia.

You can read here comments given by Director General of ELIAMEP in Der Spiegel  on the relation between politics and armed forces in Greece. The article was published on 2 July 2015.

Opinión - 3/7/2015
Miguel Otero-Iglesias
Pese a las críticas a la actitud de Tsipras, la mayoría de los españoles parecen entender su lógica.

Retrouver 지식 경제 la note Économie de la connaissance de Idriss J. Aberkane en version coréenne. Elle est également disponible sur notre site en version anglaise. Idriss J. Aberkane, est chercheur affilié au Kozmetsky Global Collaboratory de l’université de Stanford. Crédit photo home : Flickr-CC – Michael Novelo

Cet article Retrouver 지식 경제 la version coréenne de la note « Économie de la connaissance » de Idriss J. Aberkane est apparu en premier sur Fondapol.

The UN Conference on Financing for Development in Addis Ababa in July 2015 will pave the way for the implementation of the post-2015 development agenda. The Briefing Paper series “Financing Global Development” analyses key financial and non-financial means of implementation for the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and discusses building blocks of a new framework for development finance.
The client base of the concessional finance windows at the major multilateral development banks is shrinking as some of the largest borrowers by volume become richer, more credit-worthy and lose eligibility for ‘soft’ financing terms. Simultaneously, competition from new donors is growing, as is demand from low-income and lower middle-income countries for market-priced sovereign borrowing, spurred on by prevailing low-interest rates. Pressure to adapt to this changing operational context notwithstanding, the uncertainty facing the development finance industry suggests a gradualist, precautionary and insurance-oriented approach to the future of multilateral concessional windows.
A realistic assessment of medium-term growth prospects suggests that the pool of countries eligible for multilateral ‘soft’ finance windows will shrink slowly over the coming decade. In such a scenario, the number of people living in extreme poverty by 2025 would still amount to more than half a billion, with a sizable share living in middle-income countries that will be ineligible for concessional finance by current eligibility rules.
This Briefing Paper argues that trigger-happy reform suggestions for shrinking or scaling back multilateral finance are unrealistic and counterproductive: they ignore the option value of preserving international financial institutions and their concessional windows in a world with considerable uncertainty about future poverty outcomes and global governance failures that prevent first-best policy solutions.
Strategic options exist for the shareholders of the World Bank, the African Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank and the International Monetary Fund to attenuate the dilemma they face from their shrinking client base.
These options are:

• redefining concessional fund eligibility criteria, so that it reflect more closely national capacity to raise domestic resources;
• smoothing transition periods by making ‘blend status’ an explicit step in the graduation process, with funds directed towards measures of social inclusion and redistribution;
• strengthening sub-sovereign allocation, to take account of within-country regional inequalities;
• opening the multilateral soft windows for regional and global public goods, with climate change adaptation and disaster risk management as tracer sectors.

Date de publication: Jeudi 02 Juillet 2015Couverture: Type de publication: Rapport

In the run up to the January 2015 elections, the South-East Europe Programme of ELIAMEP undertook an ambitious two part research study in an effort to analyse and document the regional response to and expectations of the new, SYRIZA-led Greek government. Conscious of this crucial moment, the team undertook a monitoring project of local language media in the Western Balkans, while sending out in parallel an online survey to Balkan opinion makers. The media monitoring report revealed that the elections received significant and widespread media coverage across the region, with SYRIZA and its leader Alexis Tsipras at the centre of much of the discussion. Though coverage was often measured, the study revealed cautious optimism about SYRIZA’s potential to enact positive change in the region, which the opinion maker survey confirmed. On the other hand, however, respondents were apprehensive about the influence of Independent Greeks, SYRIZA’s populist rightwing coalition partner, and also noted that domestic issues were likely to limit the new government’s regional engagement.

The report is available here