Agrégateur de flux

Global public goods (GPGs) are goods that are produced locally but have global effects. GPGs are essential for securing global development. The climate and biodiversity crises, pandemics, as well as fragility, conflict and violence are threatening livelihoods and well-being around the world, and addressing them would have enormous positive economic and social effects. However, the cross-border externalities involved are not being fully taken into account by countries, and hence these GPGs are still underprovided compared with what would be globally optimal. One year ago, the World Bank launched the Framework for Financial Incentives (FFI) to strengthen the support of GPGs in its operations. This novel instrument encourages countries to implement investment projects and policies that have positive spillovers to other countries by offering targeted financial incentives. As a core element of the World Bank’s Evolution reform, the FFI reflects the recognition that relatively modest investments in client countries can generate substantial global benefits – for other developing and emerging economies as well as for the Bank’s shareholder countries. Its challenges lie in incorporating the non-financial aspects of GPGs and the multi-faceted motivations to provide them in bankable operations. This policy brief discusses the relevance of GPGs for development and presents the World Bank’s approach to supporting their provision in client countries through the FFI. The key takeaways are:
• GPGs are not all those that are commonly shared or agreed upon as goals but are defined by the specific problem structure that the involved cross-border externalities entail. 
• Investment in GPGs can generate substantial benefits – not only for developing and emerging economies, but also for high-income countries that make up the World Bank’s largest shareholders. Consequently, both out of enlightened self-interest and as a cost-effective way to advance global sustainable development at a time when international development budgets are undergoing significant reductions, shareholder countries should increase their contributions to the FFI. This applies in particular to those provided to the Livable Planet Fund, which provides the essential grant financing for countries’ GPG-related projects.
• To retain and strengthen confidence among stakeholders, the FFI must deploy its resources efficiently. This implies offering grants only when projects’ overall domestic benefits are insufficient to motivate countries to provide GPGs on their own, and extending loans instead when client countries have sufficient self-interest to ensure repayment. The assessment of costs and benefits is complex, but it should improve with experience and become increasingly standardised. To signal its effectiveness, the FFI should pursue full transparency in its allocation decisions and undertake systematic impact assessments.

The Soviet Made ZSU-23-4 Shilka is slowly becoming a low cost drone killer for Ukraine in 2026.

The notion that the best defence is a good offence applies in many situations, but it is crucial that you always have a good defence to start with if you wish to keep yourself safe and capable of providing any offence. This bit of boxing and martial arts advice can be applied to military defensive measures as well, as too much offense or too much defence may win battles, but may also end up losing you the war.

The initial phases of the Ukraine War came with the furied use of special weapons systems like Javelins and other high tech anti-tank missiles during the first months of the war. Over the skies above the field of battle, the use of large and sophisticated anti-air missiles to shoot down lower cost missiles and more numerous drones took shape. While very effective, it also depleted the number of high end defence missiles that could be used against Hypersonic missile threats in the future. With the international stockpile of advance defense missiles being limited, the Hypersonic threats would become more aggressive as the years went on, and targets became harder to defend, even with successful tactical results. It has come to the point where nations that have defended themselves appropriately are now supplying interceptors to those who are in disarray in how to address their own defensive posture. While the irony exists, it remains to be seen if any lessons will be learned.

An idea which I had commented on several times since 2022 became reality as an initiative in support of Ukraine’s Armed Forces took the older Soviet ZSU-23-4 system and modernised it for anti-drone warfare. While the depletion of NATO defense systems through the attrition of advanced missiles on simple targets was likely planned by Russian forces, installing a low cost remedy to drone swarms was always the solution needed since the first day of the war. Made famous in the West in the movie The Flight of the Intruder, and through generations of active service in the East, the ZSU-23-4 Shilka was a mainstay of the Soviet Armed Forces since the 1970s. The Shilka acted as the protector of their mobile divisions through the use of a radar guided set of X4 23mm anti-aircraft cannons, mounted on a modified BTR-50 chassis, with the weapons system and radar based in a rotating turret on top of the hull.

The new privately donated initiative took to using the large global stockpile of ZSU-23-4s, re-equipping their radar and sensors with systems designed to combat drones, and redeploying the modernised ZSU-23-4MI Shilkas in the field in Ukraine. While this system is far from the most advanced, and would work only against aircraft and drones, it might be the best long term solution for the vastness of Ukraine. The best protection often comes in simple numbers, as opposed to high tech and very costly solutions. With little to nothing being done to destroy the source of the drone threats since 2022 by NATO, there has never truly been an offense to speak of in combination with these defensive measures. As with boxing and martial arts, to win a fight, you have to decide to fight it, as defense only strategies welcomes more violence from the other side.

While simple low cost responses to threats start to emerge as battlefield solutions in 2026, the basic tenets of defending one’s society also comes from having a proper defence, or simply put, an appropriate level of safety on the streets of our nations. The many instances where thoughts and prayers are given after negligent policies results is an ever losing strategy. A coordinated narrative that downplays real threats in our streets likely comes from intent, not negligence, as it literally ignores the need for security. Slow, lacking, or absence in responding to known threats when the opposite is apparent is already the biggest threat to societies worldwide. As with a losing strategy, leaders who fail must be made to exit their roles, and it should be standard that their ties and links to the results should be formally and systemically investigated. If you wish to end a war, you have to fight the war, defensively and offensively at once. This starts with protecting yourself.

La Cour constitutionnelle a indiqué que les résultats des élections communales et législatives du 11 janvier seront rendus publics au plus tard le jeudi 15 janvier. L'annonce a été faite, lundi 12 janvier 2025, par le président de l'institution, Dorothé Sossa.

La Cour constitutionnelle attend encore la réception des cantines en provenance de la Commission Electorale Nationale Autonome (CENA), à l'issue des élections couplées communales et législatives du dimanche 11 janvier dernier.

« Le travail n'a pas encore commencé », a expliqué Dorothé Sossa, le président de la Cour constitutionnelle. Il a toutefois assuré que les équipes sont opérationnelles et prêtes à entrer en action dès leur réception.

Le président de la Cour constitutionnelle a détaillé les différentes étapes prévues : réception et ouverture des cantines, examen des plis, dépouillement par les membres de la Cour avec l'appui de leurs collaborateurs, puis traitement et consolidation des données par voie informatique.

Selon lui, le processus aurait pu être engagé plus tôt si les premières cantines avaient été réceptionnées. « Nous aurions déjà des éléments concrets », a-t-il relevé.

Dorothé Sossa a rassuré de ce que la proclamation des résultats interviendra dans les délais prescrits par la loi électorale. Les résultats seront proclamés au plus tard le jeudi 15 janvier, selon le président de la haute juridiction.
M. M.

CONTRE-POINT - Les derniers sondages annoncent un match au coude à coude entre Emmanuel Grégoire et Rachida Dati.

Entre l’irruption de Sarah Knafo (Reconquête) dans la course à la mairie de Paris et les attaques répétées de Pierre-Yves Bournazel (Horizons), la candidate LR se pose en rassembleuse dans une élection où les sondages situent la droite non loin des 60 % au premier tour.

Le Tribunal de Commerce de Cotonou a rendu une ordonnance le 6 janvier 2026 dans une affaire opposant, un emprunteur et sa caution d'une part, à la société Bénin Micro Finance SA (BMF SA), ORABANK Bénin SA et BANK OF AFRICA (BOA-BENIN) SA d'autre part. Les plaignants contestaient des saisies-attribution de créances jugées abusives et illégales, pratiquées sur leurs comptes bancaires en juillet 2025.

Léon K. E., un commerçant béninois, avait contracté un prêt de 20 millions FCFA auprès de la société Bénin Micro Finance SA (BMF SA) pour développer son activité de vente de produits congelés.

Madou E. D., technicien prothésiste, s'était porté caution hypothécaire en affectant un immeuble non bâti pour garantir le prêt.

En août 2025, les deux (emprunteur et caution), saisissent le Tribunal de Commerce de Cotonou. Les plaignants accusent Bénin Micro Finance SA d'avoir procédé à une saisie-attribution illégale et abusive sur leurs comptes bancaires dans les livres respectifs de ORABANK Bénin SA et BANK OF AFRICA (BOA-BENIN) SA pour un montant de 9 757 065 FCFA.

L'emprunteur, alléguant des difficultés financières dues à des pertes causées par une panne de camion transporteur, n'a pas pu honorer l'intégralité des ses échéances. Mais le solde de la créance du prêteur se serait réduit à 3 454 015 FCFA.

Pour le Tribunal, le montant de la saisie-attribution excédait largement le montant dû. Le montant n'était pas déterminé ou déterminable avec certitude, comme l'exige l'article 153 de l'Acte uniforme portant organisation des procédures simplifiées de recouvrement et des voies d'exécution. De plus, il a été établi que Madou E. D., en tant que caution hypothécaire, n'était pas personnellement et solidairement débiteur de la créance. Son engagement se limitait à la valeur de l'immeuble hypothéqué, et non à ses avoirs bancaires.

La saisie-attribution pratiquée est, par conséquent, une « mesure totalement abusive, dépourvue de toute base légale ».

Le Tribunal a ordonné, le 06 janvier 2026, la levée « des saisies-attribution de créances pratiquées les 16 et 17 juillet 2025 sur les comptes » de Léon K. E. et de Madou E. D. « dans les livres de la BANK OF AFRICA (BOA-BENIN) SA et de la société ORABANK BENIN SA sous astreinte comminatoire de cent mille (100 000) francs CFA par jour de résistance à compter de la signification de la présente décision ».

La société Bénin Micro Finance SA a été condamnée à « payer » à Madou E. D., la caution hypothécaire, dont les comptes avaient été saisis pour un montant de 7 285 785 FCFA, « la somme de deux millions (2 000 000) francs CFA à titre de dommages-intérêts en réparation du préjudice causé par la saisie abusive », selon l'Ordonnance N°002/2026/CPP3/S5/JEX/TCC.

Le Tribunal a rejeté la demande de Léon K. E., estimant qu'il n'avait pas subi de préjudice réel, les sommes saisies sur ses comptes (3 454 015 FCFA) étant largement inférieures au montant de sa dette reconnue.

Les demandes de paiement de frais irrépétibles formulées par les deux parties ont été rejetées.

M. M.

Des films sortent, des films ressortent. Un événement, parfois, se produit. C'est plus rare qu'on ne le dit. Ce nom, la rétrospective dont il est question ici le mérite absolument. À l'occasion du cinquantenaire de sa mort, le distributeur Carlotta a proposé un certain nombre de films réalisés (…) / Cinéma, France, Région, Langue

Michael Kugelman previews the major events to watch: upcoming elections in Bangladesh and Nepal, the India-Pakistan conflict, and ever-volatile relations with the U.S.

Growing corporate debt, the never-ending construction of Rogun, and lack of debt management transparency from the government add to the fiscal pressure on the country’s budget.

In today's edition: subsidies, big oil, air passenger rights

France and Italy have also both recently called for negotiations with the Russian leader

India is facing complex choices in navigating China’s state-led control and the US’ chaotic and fragmented AI governance regulation.

Pyongyang accused Seoul of sending drones to its territory. Seoul rejected the claim, saying it has no intention to make provocations.

The Commission is ratcheting up the rhetoric against X as the Grok crisis deepens

For Takaichi, U.S. President Donald Trump’s decision to capture the president of Venezuela and his fiery rhetoric toward Greenland create a particularly difficult conundrum. 

New Delhi needs to go back to the drawing board and figure out how to reframe its relationship with Washington.

UK government backs regulator if probe leads to X ban

Europa dürfe nicht alles mit sich machen lassen, sagte Laura von Daniels von der Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik