Agrégateur de flux

Deuxième contributeur de la coalition occidentale, la France s’interroge sur les capacités de l’armée irakienne, appuyée par l’Iran

Sans être financée, la loi de programmation militaire va être révisée à la hausse

Kevéssé ismert ténynek számít, hogy a kisebbségi nyelvhasználaról szóló 184/1999 sz. törvény értelmében azokon a településeken, ahol a kisebbségek aránya meghaladja a húsz százalékot, a közigazgatási szervek a születési anyakönyvi kivonatot, házassági anyakönyvi kivonatot, halotti anyakönyvi kivonatot, engedélyeket, jogosítványokat, igazolásokat, nyilatkozatokat és rendelkezéseket kérésre kétnyelvűen is kötelesek kiadni, mégpedig államnyelven és a kisebbség nyelvén. A valóságban azonban ez nem így működik: sok esetben hiányoznak a megfelelő nyomtatványok, ha pedig vannak, akkor a hivatalok csak szlovákul töltik ki őket. Az utóbbi érvényes a három leggyakrabban kért dokumentumra is – a születési bizonyítványra, a házassági levélre és a halotti bizonyítványra.

Mivel a kérvényezők többnyire nincsenek tisztában a jogaikkal, ezért csak a legritkább esetben tesznek panaszt az egynyelvűen kitöltött dokumentumok miatt. A kormányhivatal vonatkozó statisztikái szerint az elmúlt évben (2014) mindössze egy bejelentés érkezett hasonló ügyben. A Szlovákiai Magyarok Kerekasztala a Jogsegélyszolgálat közreműködésével ezért olyan panaszmintát tett elérhetővé (lásd a mellékletben), amelyet a probléma orvoslására bárki könnyen kitölthet és elküldhet. A dokumentumban mindössze a pirossal jelölt részek helyett kell behelyettesíteni a megfelelő adatokat, valamint a zölddel jelölt szövegrészből ki kell választani a megfelelő verziót (a többi törlendő). Adatvédelmi okokból a szóban forgó iratok másolatát ajánlatos a születési dátumok és a születési számok takarásával csatolni a panaszhoz. A bejelentésnek a bejelentőre nézve természetesen semmilyen személyes negatív következménye nincs. Kérdéseikkel, tapasztalataikkal (egyéb kisebbségi jogok sérelmével kapcsolatban is) bátran forduljanak a Jogszegélyszolgálathoz (http://www.jogsegely.sk)!

The most important thing that Western media saw in the documentary "Crimea: Way Back Home" that was shown on Russian television on Sunday, March 15, was Putin's readiness to set Russian nuclear forces on full combat readiness, if the West had taken effort to impede the referendum in the Crimea. Traditionally, Western media accuse Putin of lies

This article originally appeared in the Scientific American Forum.

 

Brainlike computer chips, smart pharmacology and other advances offer great promise but also raise serious questions that we must deal with now.

SA Forum  is an invited essay from experts on topical issues in science and technology.

Editor's Note: This essay was produced in coordination with the World Economic Forum. 

In the past four decades technology has fundamentally altered our lives: from the way we work to how we communicate to how we fight wars. These technologies have not been without controversy, and many have sparked intense debates that are often polarized or embroiled in scientific ambiguities or dishonest demagoguery.

The  debate on stem cells and embryo research , for example, has become a hot-button political issue involving scientists, policy makers, politicians and religious groups. Similarly, the discussions on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have mobilized civil society, scientists and policy makers in a wide debate on ethics and safety. The developments in genome-editing technologies are just one example that bioresearch and its impact on market goods are strongly dependent on social acceptance and cannot escape public debates of regulation and ethics. Moreover, requests for transparency are increasingly central to these debates, as shown by movements like  Right to Know , which has repeatedly demanded the labeling of GMOs on food products.

Ethical and regulatory challenges

On March 4 the World Economic Forum released its list of the  top 10 emerging technologies for 2015 . It includes advances that aim to resolve some of the ethical debates posed by an earlier generation of technologies as well as others that will bring about new ethical and regulatory challenges. The notion of “emerging” technology does not necessarily mean that all such advances are new or revolutionary by themselves. Some have already been around for years or, in various forms, for decades (for example, fuel-cell vehicles, artificial intelligence, the digital genome, additive manufacturing methods). They are now transitioning to a new phase, however, becoming more widely used or incorporated in consumer goods. In one way or another all these technologies are bound to gain more ground in coming years.

Precise genetic-engineering techniques will likely solve some of the main controversial elements in the GMO debate—for example, the fact that genetic engineering was neither precise nor predictable . The range of procedures associated with GM crops is precise in the initial process of cutting and splitting genes in the test tubes. But the subsequent steps are uncontrolled and some mutations can occur and alter the functioning of the natural genes in potentially harmful ways. A technique that would achieve greater accuracy and greater predictability over genetic mutations is, of course, a net improvement on conventional GMOs. It is, however, critical that this technique is properly studied and implemented in a sustainable way and that it doesn’t just give renewed legitimacy to genetic engineering in agriculture.

More accuracy is also expected in the operation of drones with the adaptation of the sense-and-avoid equipment. This will have unequivocal security benefits, helping unmanned aerial vehicles avoid collisions with other drones or piloted aircraft. The critical offshoot of this innovation is that it will encourage and enable the operation of a larger number of drones, a development which can be both welcomed (for instance, China flies drones to help  fight pollution ) and anticipated, as the growth in  dangerous drone flights  around populated areas appears to be developing ahead of regulations.

Autonomous systems,  artificial intelligence  (AI) and robotics, while already decades-old technologies, will continue to expand their functionalities and enter new eras of continual specialization. More intuitive, emergent AI could change speech and conversational software with unprecedented precision, helping millions of people and also redefining the way we command and interact with computers.

Robots as intelligent as humans

New-generation robotics will increasingly have more autonomy and capacity to react without preprogramming, which complicates current debates on robotics: The trust and reliance invested in a robot will have to be greater, bringing robots closer to the point of being on par with us. Neuromorphic chip technology further illustrates this. It is among the most revolutionary developments in AI and a radical step in computing power. Mimicking the intricacies of the human brain, a  neuro-inspired computer would work in a fashion similar to the way neurons and synapses communicate. It could potentially learn or develop memory. This would imply that, for instance, a drone  equipped with a neuromorphic chip would be better at surveillance, remembering or recognizing new elements in its environment.

Immediate ethical red flags emerge, however: Building neuromorphic chips would create machines as smart as humans, the most intelligent species on the planet. These technologies are demonstrations of human excellence yet computers that think could be devastating for our species and, as  Marvin Minsky  has put it, they could even keep humanity as pets.
 
The interest in smart machines is now also pursued in additive manufacturing methods, which are increasingly integrating smart materials into manufacturing. These materials could adapt, change properties, interact or respond to their environments. With  4-D Printing , which takes into account the transformation that occurs over time, some materials will adapt and repair by themselves without maintenance or they could be preprogrammed to disintegrate on their own. This will raise new questions of standardization, traceability and copyright.

More radical disruptions will occur once the technology transitions to the organic world, making it possible to assemble biomaterials that evolve and develop on their own, design cancer-fighting robots that would release antibodies only in contact with cancerous cells, and so on. The moment of the  print button  for biology is nearing. Effectively, this could also mean that in a not too-distant future smart pharmacology will permit us to receive a continuous supply of antidepressants or neuroenhancers every time our dopamine level drops. The ethical consequences of such developments should be thought through. Having our emotions controlled in detail by smart machines will pave the way for dangerous forms of dependences and new understandings of our humanity and the emotions that define us.

Genome-based treatment, based on wider and cheaper availability of genome data, will provide new ways to customize the therapeutic protocol and enhance our control over diseases and medical treatment. The speed, accuracy and costs of genome-reading have changed dramatically in just a matter of years: A decade ago this process was  a billion-dollar effort  whereas today the price has dropped sharply to around $8,000. In cancer treatment, for instance, this will allow transitioning from broad-spectrum chemotherapies to more individualized diagnoses and targeting of specific malfunctioning genes. As we are truly starting to gain more precise tools to fight life-threatening diseases, a range of other issues arise. Pervasive global inequalities will still prevent millions of people from enjoying the benefits of such treatments, even in a context of decreasing costs of genome sequencing. Furthermore, a range of security and privacy risks associated with data storage of genome data will invariably arise and require protective mechanisms, especially as such  databases are often shared  for security reasons (for example, between international police forces), increasing the possibility of hacking or abuse by authorities.

Inevitably,  the emerging technologies  of the future will redefine our understanding of biology, the material world and manufacturing. The implications will further extend into geopolitics and global balances of power. Fuel-cell vehicles are finally expected to make their way to the market and reduce dependency on oil or emissions that contribute to climate change. In the long term, this will accentuate the vulnerability of oil-dependent economies and recalibrate geopolitical relations. Recyclable thermostat polymers, reportedly  discovered by accident , will dramatically change fabrication and manufacturing, leading to new standards in industries. Globally, the advent of distributed manufacturing is bound to lead to a reassessment of the meaning of value chains and infrastructure. Rather than ship parts of a given product, some companies will simply trade information, leaving it to the customer to finalize the product’s manufacture. A suite of other technologies such as 3-D printing, informatics and robotics are enabling a paradigm shift to a  dematerialized future  with endless possibilities for customization.

Changes ahead

As always, we must welcome  innovation  and the benefits it brings us. But we must also remain committed to sustainable development, taking into account issues of inequality, human dignity and inclusiveness. Finally, this year’s top emerging technologies also remind us of the importance of political commitment. Take the example of the transition toward fuel-cell vehicles: it will require huge infrastructural adaptations and conversions. In fact, it’s estimated that if the U.S. spent the same amount of money it took to put a person on the moon ( $100 billion in today’s dollars ), the shift to hydrogen-powered cars and refueling stations that pump hydrogen would be significantly eased. Often the technology itself is available but only a massive exercise of political will can bring about change.

Some technologies might progress independently of political support. But  good governance , examinations of dual-use risks and ethical considerations must still remain guiding posts at all times. Ultimately, how we approach the regulation of emerging technologies will inevitably have wide implications—not only for security and ethics but for our definition of human dignity and the equality of individuals.

 

 

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Leurs missions sont principalement centrées sur l’interdiction littorale, l’infiltration de forces spéciales et la collecte de renseignements.

Le sous-marin de poche a eu son heure de gloire pendant la seconde guerre mondiale (Maiali italiens, Xcrafts britanniques, Kaiten nippons ou encore Seehund nazis). Arme d’action spéciale à haut risque, souvent mise en œuvre par des experts, elle est tombée en désuétude dans les grandes marines d’aujourd’hui. Seules trois nations entretiennent aujourd’hui encore des sous-marins de poche (midgets) de combat.

Brèves marine…

  Steve PeersDanish participation in cross-border criminal law measures is symbolised by 'The Bridge', the 'Nordic Noir' series about cross-border cooperation in criminal matters between Denmark and Sweden. But due to the changes in EU law...

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Digital publishers have been placing bets on overseas markets lately. Now, details are emerging about Politico's ambitious effort in Europe.

Which countries have the highest volume of defence and security equipment exports? According to SIPRI data, the US is again the largest defence exporter, accounting for nearly a third (31%) of all global deals in the sector. Together with Russia (27%), the two Cold War superpowers acco

Russian Bastion-P Coastal Defense Missile System

On the 16 March 2015 the Council has launched the EU's military advisory mission in the Central African Republic (EUMAM RCA), which it established on 19 January 2015. It sets out to support the Central African authorities in preparing areform of the security sectorwith respect to the armed forces of the Central African Republic (FACA).

The EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Federica Mogherini, said: "The EU continues its comprehensive support for stability and security in the Central African Republic. EU experts will now support preparations for security sector reform. This will help the Central Africa Republic turn the corner after this security crisis."

In close cooperation with the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA), this mission will play a critical role in strengthening the security sector. Concurrently, EUMAM RCA will advise the military authorities of the Central African Republic (CAR) on thereforms necessary to transform the CAR armed forcesinto a professional, democratically controlled and ethnically representative army. EUMAM RCA will also support the MINUSCA in achieving its mandate in the area of security sector reform and the vetting process.

EUMAM RCA is located in the country's capital Bangui. Brigadier General Dominique Laugel from France has been appointed EU Mission Commander for a team of up to 60 staff. The common costs of the operation are estimated at €7.9 million for 12 months.

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