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IPI and the Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the UN cohosted a policy forum on April 10th on “Unconstitutional Changes of Government in Peace Operations Settings: Multilateral Responses.”

Since 2020, there have been at least a dozen military coups d’état and other unconstitutional changes of government (UCGs) around the world. These include takeovers by armed groups in Afghanistan and Syria and coups in Mali, Myanmar, Chad, Guinea, Sudan, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Gabon. This presents a challenge for the United Nations. Member states in the General Assembly and Security Council need to decide whether and how to condemn the UCGs and whether to recognize the new de facto authorities. In the field, UN peace operations and UN country teams face the task of continuing to carry out their work in the midst of a political crisis and of deciding how to engage with the new authorities. This rise in UCGs has also increasingly put to the test regional organizations’ anti-UCG mechanisms, particularly in Africa.

Panelists shared lessons from the multilateral response to UCGs, with a focus on UN peace operations. The event also launched the IPI policy paper on “UN Peace Operations and Unconstitutional Changes of Government” co-authored by Albert Trithart and Bitania Tadesse. Building on the insights of the report and the insights of the panelists, the forum brought together representatives of the UN Secretariat, member states, and civil society organizations to discuss how the UN can most effectively respond to UCGs and engage with de facto authorities alongside other actors such as regional organizations.

Welcome and Opening Remarks:
Jenna Russo, Director of Research and Head of the Brian Urquhart Center for Peace Operations, International Peace Institute
Djeyhoun Ostowar, Counsellor, Deputy Head of Political Affairs Section, Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the United Nations

Speakers:
Albert Trithart, Senior Fellow and Head of Publications, International Peace Institute
Renato Mariani, Senior Political Affairs Officer, Team Leader, Policy Planning Unit, Policy and Mediation Division, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs (DPPA)
Ramiz Alakbarov, Assistant Secretary-General, UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator in Ethiopia, former DSRSG/RC/HC, UNAMA (Virtual)
Bitania Tadesse, Policy Specialist for Africa, International Peace Institute (Virtual)
Katharine Brooks, Partnership Specialist, Africa Facility to Support Inclusive Transitions, UNDP (Virtual)

Moderator:
Jenna Russo, Director of Research and Head of the Brian Urquhart Center for Peace Operations, International Peace Institute

The post Unconstitutional Changes of Government in Peace Operations Settings: Multilateral Responses appeared first on International Peace Institute.

Over the past eighty years, the evolution of UN peace operations has encountered several critical junctures. Now, UN peace operations have arguably reached another turning point with the decline in the number of UN-led multidimensional missions and a growing role for partners, including regional and subregional organizations. This has led to calls to examine how peace operations are conceived, mandated, structured, and led, and several review processes are ongoing. It is important that these processes consider not only the supply side of peace operations but also the demand side—in other words, to take conflict settings as the starting point and work backward to determine the type of intervention needed.

Within this context, IPI organized a series of scenario-based workshops to brainstorm potential responses to a mix of real and hypothetical scenarios. The first workshop was held over two days in Addis Ababa in January 2025 in partnership with the Institute for Security Studies (ISS). A second workshop was held in New York in March 2025. The workshops brought together civilian, military, and police representatives of the UN, African Union (AU), subregional organizations, and member states, as well as independent experts.

This paper reflects on several key considerations that emerged from these workshops:

• The UN Security Council and UN Secretariat should work together to ensure that mandates and mission activities are driven by clear political strategies that address politics at the local, national, regional, and international levels.
• The Secretariat should establish a standing and integrated operational planning team in the shared regional divisions to facilitate a shift from templated approaches to context-specific, demand-driven approaches.
• Field missions should have enhanced capacity to develop operational responses to scenarios based on their current mandate or possible changes to their mandate.
• Member states and the Secretariat should explore how to operationalize modular approaches to mission configurations to foster more flexible and targeted mission mandates.
• Troop- and police-contributing countries (T/PCCs) should provide more specialized and targeted contributions to match missions’ capabilities to new mission approaches and current demands.
• Building on their commitments in the Pact for the Future, member states should demonstrate leadership by actively contributing to the ongoing reviews of peace operations and by providing a clear political direction to the work of the Secretariat.

These lessons can feed into several ongoing and upcoming policy processes, including the UN peacekeeping ministerial, the review on the future of peace operations, the ten-year review of the report of the High-Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations (HIPPO), and the review of the UN peacebuilding architecture.

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There has been a significant increase in the number of unconstitutional changes of government (UCGs) since 2020. This presents a challenge for the United Nations, which has a presence in all countries that have recently experienced UCGs. In places like Afghanistan, Mali, and Sudan, it has also presented particular challenges to UN peace operations, which face the task of continuing to carry out their work amid a political crisis and using their good offices to facilitate a peaceful return to constitutional order.

The report examines lessons from the experiences of the UN missions in Afghanistan (UNAMA), Mali (MINUSMA), and Sudan (UNITAMS) following recent UCGs. It provides a brief overview of recent trends in UCGs and how the responses of member states and international and regional organizations have impacted the responses of UN peace operations. It then analyzes how these UN peace operations approached political engagement with the de facto authorities. It concludes with several lessons:

• A principled approach at the highest levels of the UN: While some UCGs may bring to power leaders with greater political will to engage with the UN, they are almost always an indicator of growing political instability. The UN secretary-general, along with the African Union (AU) and other regional organizations, should thus continue adopting a principled approach to condemning UCGs.
• A pragmatic approach for UN peace operations: While the UN should take a principled approach to UCGs at the headquarters level, UN peace operations are well-positioned to take a more pragmatic approach to engaging with de facto authorities. They should take advantage of any openness displayed by the authorities to engage despite fears that doing so might legitimize them.
• Planning for UCGs and reviewing political strategies: Even if the UN is unable to prevent UCGs, it can better prepare for managing relationships with transitional authorities. It is therefore important to consider such scenarios in mission planning for potential and current operations and to conduct strategic assessments as soon as possible following UCGs to consider how to adapt and potentially identify a new direction for engagement.
• The challenge of remaining impartial: Fears of “legitimizing” de facto authorities stem from the assumption that those authorities are inherently illegitimate. Yet not all elected authorities have popular legitimacy, and not all authorities who come to power unconstitutionally lack it. UN missions thus need to factor public opinion into how they respond on the ground.
• The need for a “One UN” response: While there is unlikely to be a “one-size-fits-all” approach to engagement with de facto authorities across the entire UN presence in a country, coordination is needed to ensure UN personnel have a common understanding of core principles of engagement and a coherent approach to communication.
• The limits of UN engagement: Ultimately, the ability of UN missions to shape political transitions following UCGs tends to be constrained by factors outside their control. Regional organizations like the AU and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) tend to adopt a more principled response, raising questions about the extent to which UN missions should seek to link their engagement to that of these organizations. Missions also face competing pressures from member states supporting different political factions.

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IPI and Grace Farms Foundation cohosted the second Art for Peace series event featuring global human rights advocate and artist Nasreen Sheikh on March 26th.

For the first time publicly, Nasreen Sheikh did a reading of her poem “A Table for Peace,” which she wrote during an artist residency at Grace Farms Foundation in Connecticut. The event also featured “The Veil,” a textile-based fine art piece symbolizing protection and honoring the anonymity of survivors of modern slavery. It will be part of a performance art installation and integrated into the film ANAVARANA—Nasreen Sheikh’s documentary filmmaking debut—which explores modern slavery’s impact on women and its connection to the global climate crisis.

At the event, Nasreen demonstrated how her work amplifies the intersection of art, social transformation, and peacebuilding, as well as the lasting power of art as both a historical record and a tool for shaping global consciousness.

Nasreen Sheikh is a survivor of modern slavery and a visionary leader committed to ending this issue through survivor-led initiatives. She is the founder of the Empowerment Collective, an organization dedicated to ending modern slavery through survivor leadership, and Local Women’s Handicrafts (LWH), a social business venture in Nepal that empowers marginalized women through traditional craftsmanship. Nasreen’s dedication to a transparent global economic and supply chain system, illustrated through her development of the TransparaTrade initiative, enhances supply chain transparency and promotes corporate engagement and legislative reforms to end modern slavery. In addition to her advocacy, Nasreen is a documentary filmmaker, author, and multimedia artist. Her creative work weaves her experiences and insights into compelling narratives.

The Art for Peace Series, in partnership with Grace Farms Foundation, highlights the role of art and education in building a culture of peace and reconciliation and is chaired by IPI President Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein.

Opening Remarks:
Chelsea Thatcher, Founding Creative Director, Chief Strategic Officer at Grace Farms

Featured Artist:
Nasreen Sheikh, Global Advocate for Human Rights, Documentary Filmmaker, Author, and Multimedia Artist

Moderator:
Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein, President and CEO, International Peace Institute

The post Building a Culture of Peace and Reconciliation through Art, Featuring Artist and Activist Nasreen Sheikh appeared first on International Peace Institute.

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On the occasion of Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, Siobhán Mullally’s visit to New York during the 69th Commission on the Status of Women (CSW69), IPI, in partnership with the Permanent Missions of Ireland, Sierra Leone, and Switzerland to the United Nations, cohosted a policy forum on “Trafficking in Persons, WPS, and Peacebuilding,” on March 20th.

Despite a recognition of the links between trafficking in persons and conflict, there has been limited attention paid to trafficking in persons in the reporting on and monitoring of the implementation of Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000). To date, the resolutions adopted on women, peace, and security (WPS) have focused primarily on sexual violence in conflict. Trafficking in persons is recognized as a form of sexual violence in conflict. However, it is critical that we now effectively implement all pillars of the WPS agenda in ensuring the participation and leadership of those most affected by conflict-related trafficking in persons; in the design and implementation of peacebuilding measures; and in the recovery programs that ensure economic, social, and cultural rights, as well as civil and political rights. In advance of the twenty-fifth anniversary of both the adoption of resolution 1325 and the Trafficking in Persons Protocol (the Palermo Protocol), there is a need to strengthen these policies by better integrating considerations on trafficking in persons into the WPS agenda.

Welcoming Remarks:
Adam Lupel, Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, International Peace Institute

Opening Remarks:
H.E. Fergal Mythen, Permanent Representative of Ireland to the United Nations
Onike Spencer-Coker, First Secretary and Spokesperson, Permanent Mission of Sierra Leone to the United Nations

Speakers:
Siobhán Mullally, Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children
Awa Dabo, Director and Deputy Head, Peacebuilding Support Office, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs
Aleksandra Dier, Gender Coordinator at the UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED)
Brigitte Chelebian, Attorney at Law, Founder and Director, Justice Without Frontiers (virtual)
Delphine Schantz, Director, New York Liaison Office, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Thomas Kontogeorgos, Chief, UN Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) Section

Moderator:
Phoebe Donnelly, Senior Fellow and Head of Women, Peace and Security, International Peace Institute

The post Trafficking in Persons, WPS, and Peacebuilding appeared first on International Peace Institute.

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IPI and the Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the United Nations cohosted a policy forum on March 13th on “The Protection of Civilians in African-led and UN-led Peace Operations.”

The purpose of this event was to discuss how the protection of civilians (POC) has been undertaken within peace operations that are African-led and UN-led, looking particularly at the respective comparative advantages, limitations, and lessons learned. The event also launched the IPI publication, “The United Nations-African Union Partnership and the Protection of Civilians,” authored by Andrew E. Yaw Tchie, Senior Researcher with the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, and Lauren McGowan, Policy Analyst with IPI.

Building on the insights of the report, this forum brought together representatives of the UN Secretariat, AU Commission, member states, and civil society organizations to discuss how the protection of civilians will be upheld in the context of partnerships in peace operations.

Opening Remarks:
Djeyhoun Ostowar, Counsellor, Deputy Head of Political Affairs Section, Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the United Nations

Speakers:
Lauren McGowan, Policy Analyst, International Peace Institute
Andrew E. Yaw Tchie, Senior Researcher, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
Yishak Tefferi, Protection of Civilians Officer in the Policy, Evaluation and Training Division, UN Department of Peace Operations
Adebayo Kareem, Coordinator, Human Rights, Compliance & Accountability Project, African Union (VTC)
Emma Birikorang, Director of Research at the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (VTC)

Moderator:
Jenna Russo, Director of Research and Head of the Brian Urquhart Center for Peace Operations, International Peace Institute

The post The Protection of Civilians in African-led and UN-led Peace Operations appeared first on International Peace Institute.

The landscape of peace operations in Africa has transformed over the past decade, including a marked increase in African-led peace support operations (PSOs). Since the early 2000s, the African Union (AU) and UN have evolved distinct, albeit parallel, conceptual and operational approaches to the protection of civilians (POC). While the UN views POC in peacekeeping as a whole-of-mission objective, with military, police, and civilian components prioritizing POC and proactively protecting civilians, the AU views itself as contributing to the protection of civilians primarily by neutralizing armed groups and establishing a protective environment. These differences raise important questions about how POC will be upheld in the context of the UN-AU partnership.

This report examines the operational differences between UN and AU approaches to POC, assessing their respective advantages and limitations. It highlights how African-led PSOs tend to be more able and willing to use force to respond to outbreaks of violence and to contain aggressors but have less sustainable and flexible financing than UN peacekeeping operations. Meanwhile, UN peacekeeping missions with POC mandates have more robust civilian and police components but may lack rapid response capabilities. To strengthen their partnership on POC, the two organizations should leverage their comparative advantages, acknowledge their respective limitations, and work toward an approach to POC that is tailored to each context.

Based on the findings in this report, the following recommendations are made:

Understandings of POC:

• The UN Department of Peace Operations (DPO) and AU Peace Support Operations Division (PSOD) should continue to facilitate understanding of their comparative advantages and challenges on POC.
• POC should be a central focus of efforts to implement the 2017 Joint Framework for Enhanced Partnership in Peace and Security.
• UN DPO and AU PSOD should share lessons learned and strengthen each other’s capacity.
• The AU compliance team should continue to support regional economic communities in adhering to AU POC policies.

Structures on POC:

• The UN and AU should establish a joint lessons-learned mechanism within the UN Office to the AU to systematically assess joint UN-AU missions and African-led operations.
• UN DPO and AU PSOD should develop and implement a joint protection strategy when engaged in partnered operations.
• UN DPO and AU PSOD should conduct a thorough joint POC assessment prior to any partnered deployments.
• The AU Peace and Security Council and UN Security Council should engage in regular consultations on peace support operations, including on mandates.

The post The United Nations–African Union Partnership and the Protection of Civilians appeared first on International Peace Institute.

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Through the Action for Peacekeeping and Action for Peacekeeping Plus (A4P/A4P+) frameworks, member states and the UN Secretariat have reiterated their commitment to collective coherence behind a political strategy as a priority within UN peacekeeping. While this is often interpreted as pertaining to national-level political processes, local-level processes are also key to consolidating peace, and there is often a close relationship between local-level and national-level political dynamics.

In this context, IPI and the Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the UN cohosted a policy forum on “The Primacy of Politics at the Local Level: The Work of UN Civil Affairs” on February 25th.

The purpose of this event was to discuss how missions understand and implement the primacy of politics at the local level by looking particularly at the work of UN Civil Affairs within peacekeeping settings. It also served to launch an IPI publication on the same topic, co-authored by Jenna Russo, IPI’s Director of Research and Head of the Brian Urquhart Center for Peace Operations, and Allard Duursma, Assistant Professor in Conflict Management and International Relations at ETH Zurich.

Building on the insights of the report, this forum brought together representatives of the UN Secretariat, member states, and civil society organizations to discuss how UN Civil Affairs components navigate local political dynamics and explore ways to strengthen their role in aligning local engagement with mission-wide political strategies.

Welcome and Opening Remarks:
Jenna Russo, Director of Research and Head of the Brian Urquhart Center for Peace Operations, International Peace Institute
Djeyhoun Ostowar, Counsellor, Deputy Head of Political Affairs Section, Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Speakers:
Allard Duursma, Assistant Professor in Conflict Management and International Relations, ETH Zurich (Virtual)
Marco Donati, Team Leader Civil Affairs, Policy and Best Practices service of DPO
Hiroko Hirahara, Director of Civil Affairs Division, United Nations Mission in South Sudan (Virtual)
Eiko Ikegaya, Chief, Mediation Support and Gender, Peace and Security, Policy and Mediation Division, United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs

Moderator:
Jenna Russo, Director of Research and Head of the Brian Urquhart Center for Peace Operations, International Peace Institute

The post The Local-Level Engagement of UN Civil Affairs appeared first on International Peace Institute.

The “primacy of politics” has become a central tenet of UN peacekeeping. This reflects a broad recognition that peacekeeping operations should be deployed in support of a political solution to conflict. In practice, however, the primacy of politics is often narrowly understood as referring to formal, national-level political processes. This overlooks the fact that politics also happens at the local level, both formally and informally. It is critical for UN peace operations to address these local-level politics. Local-level conflicts account for a large share of conflict-related deaths in peacekeeping contexts. They are also closely tied to national-level peace efforts. This has led UN peace operations to become increasingly involved in supporting local peace processes.

This report examines how the primacy of politics applies to the local level in UN peacekeeping settings. It highlights the indispensable role of civil affairs components in fostering sustainable peace. When effectively integrated into broader mission strategies, the localized approaches of civil affairs personnel not only address immediate conflict drivers but also contribute to the durability of national-level agreements. These efforts demonstrate that the success of peacekeeping operations hinges on balancing top-down mandates with grassroots engagement, underscoring the interconnectedness of local and national dynamics.

The paper concludes with recommendations to strengthen local political engagement in peace operations:

• Member states should adopt a definition of the primacy of politics that encompasses both formal and informal processes at both the national and subnational levels. The Security Council should also continue incorporating tasks related to local political processes in mission mandates, and the General Assembly should adequately resource these mandates.
• Mission leaders should craft political strategies that are both top-down and bottom-up. This requires consulting regularly with field offices and reflecting local dynamics in national-level political efforts. They should also ensure coordination between mission components, including civil-military coordination.
• Civil affairs personnel should systematically map stakeholders at the national and subnational levels to understand how they fit together. They should also map the political economy of local conflicts and form partnerships to target the drivers of these conflicts.

The post The Primacy of Politics at the Local Level in UN Peace Operations appeared first on International Peace Institute.

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The Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) Section of the UN Department of Peace Operations’ (DPO) Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions (OROLSI) and IPI cohosted a film screening of the documentary There Is Another Way followed by a post-screening discussion with Combatants for Peace on January 30th.

There is Another Way, directed by Stephen Apkon, follows the powerful journey of individuals who reject violence and choose peace, proving that reconciliation is not only possible but essential. As Mr. Apkon shared in the discussion, “This is about the freedom for all of us.”

Set in Israel and Palestine, following events on the ground over the past year(s), the documentary captures the personal and collective struggles of those embracing nonviolence as a path forward and their journeys of transformation from armed actors to peacebuilders. The film draws on the experiences of Combatants for Peace, a grassroots movement of former Israeli soldiers and Palestinian combatants who now work together, united by the conviction that violence cannot resolve the conflict.

“Former fighters and analysts can unite to become the most effective peacebuilders,” said Thomas Kontogeorgos, Chief of the DDR Section of the UN Department of Peace Operations, during his opening remarks ahead of the film screening.

“If they can do it, we should do it too!” asserted Veronique Dudouet, Senior Advisor at the Berghof Foundation, emphasizing the significance of empathy and understanding. Her call to action resonated deeply with attendees, who agreed on the need to widen the scope of compassion.

Combatants for Peace emerged in 2006 amid the turmoil of the Second Intifada, when former Israeli soldiers and Palestinian fighters—once sworn enemies—began meeting in secret to challenge their fates and the violent status quo. This movement, grounded in the principles of joint nonviolent struggle, continues to grow as individuals and organizations across the globe unite to reject separation and supremacy. Now, almost 20 years later, the movement has grown beyond its core of ex-combatants and has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize twice.

To learn more about the film and register for upcoming screenings click here >>

Opening Remarks:
Thomas Kontogeorgos, Chief of the DDR Section, United Nations Department of Peace Operations (DPO)

Speakers:
Mai Shahin, Palestinian Activist, Combatants for Peace
Iris Gur, Israeli Activist, Combatants for Peace
Stephen Apkon, Director/Producer, There Is Another Way
Chen Alon, Co-Founder, Combatants for Peace (Virtual)
Sulaiman Khatib, Co-Founder, Combatants for Peace (Virtual)

Closing Remarks:
Véronique Dudouet, Senior Advisor Conflict Transformation Research, Berghof Foundation

Moderator:
Adam Lupel, Vice President and COO, International Peace Institute

The post A Transformative Evening of Reflection, Hope, and Peacebuilding at IPI with Combatants for Peace appeared first on International Peace Institute.

Gender-sensitive approaches to disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) processes tend to focus on the exclusion of women as participants in DDR programs. There has been less attention to including women’s civil society organizations (CSOs) in the design and implementation of DDR programs. One recent effort to involve women’s CSOs in reintegration was a project led by the National Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration Committee (NDDRC) of Cameroon, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), and UN Women. Funded by the Gender and Youth Promotion Initiative (GYPI), this project focused on enhancing women’s roles in the reintegration aspect of DDR. This project highlights both the benefits and the challenges of including women’s CSOs in reintegration processes.

This policy paper analyzes the gendered considerations and lessons learned for engaging women’s CSOs in the implementation of reintegration programming in the Far North of Cameroon. Over the course of the project, the engagement of women’s CSOs has evolved as they received capacity building on reintegration and education on the DDR process in Cameroon. Although the long-term impact of the project remains to be seen, this changing engagement has created a potential entry point to facilitate a shift in societal gender dynamics.

The paper concludes with recommendations aimed at ensuring that reintegration processes are not only more gender-responsive but also lead to more sustainable outcomes:

• Develop a gender strategy as part of the overall DDR strategy
• Establish an infrastructure for systematic and sustained collaboration with civil society
• Invest in women’s CSOs’ long-term capacity to support reintegration
• Communicate details on the operationalization of the DDR process so that CSOs are set up for success
• Consider the role of masculinities when developing DDR gender strategies
• Anticipate and proactively address safety risks facing women’s CSOs supporting reintegration

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Activists and researchers have long called attention to the harm UN peacekeepers can cause to populations where they deploy, including through sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) of civilians in the host community. More recently, researchers have pointed out that some UN peacekeepers also commit sexual harassment (SH) and assault against their peacekeeping colleagues while deployed. Both forms of sexual abuse have similar root causes, including unequal power dynamics and the abuse of power differentials. Nonetheless, SEA and SH fall under different UN policies and mechanisms. This creates confusion for policymakers, UN peacekeepers, and victims or survivors of all backgrounds. It can also undermine prevention efforts, considering that many of the same factors enable both forms of abuse.

This issue brief considers why the divide between SEA and SH has come about and whether it is still useful for UN peacekeeping. It maps existing UN mechanisms for addressing SEA and SH and identifies gaps in their application to various groups of victims. It also examines the influence of mission culture and leadership on SEA and SH.

While there are important differences between SEA against host communities and SH against peacekeepers, the report argues for shifting toward the more holistic concept of sexual exploitation, abuse, and harassment (SEAH). This could allow the UN to better prevent both SEA and SH by addressing the gendered power imbalances that lie at their root. It could also avoid creating false hierarchies of harm and ensure all victims of sexual abuse receive the same level of attention.

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In October 2023, the UN Security Council authorized the Multinational Security Support (MSS) mission in Haiti, led by Kenya, to address escalating gang violence and reestablish security. With initial deployments underway and the mandate extended through 2025, the mission aims to stabilize the country amid a deteriorating humanitarian crisis. However, funding and resource shortages have delayed progress, reflecting broader challenges in supporting non–UN-led missions.

In this context, the International Peace Institute, Stimson Center, and Security Council Report convened a workshop to assess the MSS mission’s progress and future. Participants analyzed operational challenges, funding gaps, and strategies for improving mission effectiveness. The event aimed to provide insights for the Security Council and stakeholders to refine the MSS mission model and explore other models such as a UN-led mission to address Haiti’s urgent security needs.

Key takeaways included the need for sustainable funding and clearer communication with Haitian communities, authorities, and international partners to foster public trust. Participants also highlighted the importance of addressing systemic issues like poverty and inequality to achieve long-term stability while evaluating a potential transition to a UN peacekeeping operation.

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At COP29, DanChurchAid, Oxford Climate Policy (OCP), and the International Peace Institute (IPI) hosted a side event titled “Innovative Sources for Loss and Damage Funding: Introducing the Climate Solidarity Alliance” on November 15th.

The event explored the role of climate solidarity levies as a potential solution for raising domestic funds and enhancing international collaboration through presentations and a panel debate. Participants emphasized the urgency of scaling up funding to address the growing impacts of climate change and encouraged countries to implement these levies to show solidarity with the most vulnerable communities.

Professor Benito Müller gave a virtual kick-off presentation entitled “Climate Solidarity Levies and Alliance – Walking the Talk”. The proposed alliance would foster international collaboration and inspire countries to establish domestic loss and damage trust funds sourced, inter alia, by domestic solidarity levies tailored to their contexts.

The idea is being considered by the Global Solidarity Levies Task Force, which was launched at COP28 by Kenya, France, and Barbados.

From Fiji to France, participants shared insights and commitments:

In his presentation, Dan Lund, special advisor to the Fijian government, talked about how Cyclone Winston, which in 2016 was the strongest cyclone to make landfall on record, was a turning point for Fiji. Following the immense destructions of Winston, Fiji set up the Climate Relocation of Communities Trust Fund in 2019. Ever since, Fiji has been a key player in advancing the idea of solidarity levies for loss and damage.

“This is the time to act!” said Jean-Christophe Donnellier, the Co-Chair of the Board of the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage from France. He emphasized the growing political momentum there has been after the task force was established while also acknowledging the challenges of ensuring mechanisms do not harm social equity or national competitiveness.

Yussuf Hussein, Climate Finance Lead at the Executive Office of the President from Kenya, pointed to the task force as a platform to foster dialogue at the highest level. He emphasized the political momentum that the task force had gained since being launched at last year’s COP28. Looking ahead to 2025, Hussein said that the coalition and task force will be presenting concrete initiatives and impact assessments.

Jens Fugl, Chef Advisor in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from Denmark, continued by underlining how proud Denmark is to be one of the newcomers in the task force. He acknowledged that Denmark is less clear on how to implement the levies but looked forward to exploring the next step: addressing emissions from international sectors like shipping and air travel.

Lillian Chagas, Director for Climate in Ministry of Foreign Affairs from Brazil, reiterated the importance of developing and analyzing new funding mechanisms and underlined that innovative finance sources, such as solidarity levies, will be “one of the main subjects we will propose for COP30.”

After the panel debate, Toeolesulusulu Cedric Pose Salesa Schuster, Minister for Natural Resources, Land, and Environment from Samoa, an island nation severely impacted by sea-level rise from climate change, made a heartfelt plea: “We are losing our land. Are you ready to place your money to really do something or are we going to wait another 10 years?” He also announced a new app, which will calculate the carbon footprint of each travel to and from Samoa, where a carbon offsetting levy is applied. The fund, which these levies will be paid into, will help pay for relocating community, building a sea wall, replanting mangroves, and funding other adaptation and loss and damage needs that Samoans will be facing as climate change continues to pose an existential threat to the small island state.

The event concluded with a unified call for increased collaboration and innovative solutions.

The event showcased not only the potential of solidarity levies but also the power of partnerships to tackle one of the most pressing issues of our time.

The post Innovative Sources for Loss and Damage Funding Discussed at COP29 Side Event appeared first on International Peace Institute.

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IPI together with the Panzi Foundation cohosted a Global Leaders Series Event on November 13th featuring Dr. Denis Mukwege, Member of The Elders, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, global campaigner on conflict-related sexual violence, gynecologist, and Founder and President of the Panzi Hospital and Foundation in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The event was chaired by IPI Vice President and COO, Dr. Adam Lupel.

Dr. Denis Mukwege is an outspoken advocate for the rights of survivors of sexual violence. He was born in the Democratic Republic of Congo and studied medicine in France. He holds a PhD in medical sciences from the Université Libre de Bruxelles where he is a professor. For more than 20 years, Dr. Mukwege has been treating survivors of sexual violence and women with severe gynecological problems at the Panzi Hospital, which he founded in 1999.

In 2018 Dr. Mukwege received the Nobel Peace Prize for his “efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict,” together with the Yazidi activist Nadia Murad. His efforts to draw attention to the protection of women and advocate for those responsible for sexual violence to be brought justice make Dr. Mukwege one of the world’s most respected activists on human rights and gender equality.

Dr. Mukwege joined The Elders in 2024 and has recently expanded his work on transitional justice as one of the ways to end the culture of impunity and prevent the recurrence of violence. He is also currently working on promoting transparent and responsible sourcing of minerals to end human rights violations and the illegal exploitation and trade of strategic minerals. This area of work is becoming even more urgent with the green transition that will scale up the demand of these minerals globally.

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Resolution 2664, adopted by the UN Security Council on December 9, 2022, was a landmark resolution that created a clear and well-defined humanitarian carve-out for UN sanctions. The application of the carve-out to the 1267 ISIL/al-Qaida regime was particularly important given the far-reaching impact of that regime. It applies across multiple countries, including some of the world’s most challenging humanitarian contexts.

This paper examines how Resolution 2664 has established a humanitarian carve-out within UN sanctions regimes and its impact on facilitating humanitarian access to financial services. It also analyzes the limitations the resolution imposes on asset-freeze measures and specific humanitarian organizations, as well as the challenges of extending the carve-out for the 1267 ISIL/al-Qaida regime beyond its expiration in December 2024.

In order to maintain the positive impact on humanitarian operations of the resolution so far, including in situations impacted by the 1267 ISIL/al-Qaida regime, and to realize the full potential of Resolution 2664 in safeguarding humanitarian action, this paper offers the following recommendations:

• Security Council members should decide a standing application of the humanitarian carve-out for the 1267 ISIL/al-Qaida sanctions regime in December 2024.
• Humanitarian actors should continue to provide member states with evidence of the positive humanitarian impact of Resolution 2664.
• Humanitarian actors should continue to share information with member states and donors about their due-diligence and risk-mitigation practices and any instances of incidental benefits going to listed individuals or entities.
• All stakeholders should ensure that discussions around Resolution 2664 and the carve-out for the 1267 ISIL/al-Qaida regime are fact- and evidence-based.
• Member states should fully implement Resolution 2664 in a harmonized manner and pursue efforts to socialize and operationalize it.
• All stakeholders should pursue and strengthen cross-sector engagement.

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The post Safeguarding Humanitarian Action from the Unintended Effects of Sanctions: Resolution 2664 and the 1267 ISIL/al-Qaida Regime appeared first on International Peace Institute.

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IPI in partnership with Sasakawa Peace Foundation USA, cohosted a policy forum on “National Action Plans for National Challenges: Addressing Environmental Crises through the WPS Agenda” on October 24th.

The women, peace, and security (WPS) agenda has recently expanded to include issues outside of “traditional conflict,” such as climate change and environmental disasters. As the agenda has evolved, this expansion has become a key part of contextualizing and applying WPS principles and priorities in different countries. However, despite recognizing that preparing for disasters and climate emergencies are gendered processes, few national action plans (NAPs) on WPS incorporate specific language about disasters. Incorporating disaster preparedness and climate considerations into NAPs is an important way to consider peace through a feminist viewpoint and define it as more than just the absence of violent conflict. NAPs should be tailored to a specific country’s context and integrating disaster risk reduction (DRR) or climate dynamics more broadly can be a powerful way to make an NAP relevant to a country’s internal dynamics. Panelists at the event explored how the WPS agenda has been expanded to include climate and environmental concerns and how different member states contextualize these issues within their NAPs.

Welcoming Remarks:
Adam Lupel, Vice President and COO, International Peace Institute

Opening Remarks:
Shanti Shoji, Director of Programs, Sasakawa Peace Foundation USA
Irene Fellin, Special Representative for Women, Peace and Security, NATO 

Speakers:
Sho Ono, Minister, Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, Permanent Mission of Japan to the UN
Katrina Fotovat, Principal Deputy Director, Office of Global Women’s Issues, US Department of State
Japhet Eichel, Associate Expert, Climate, Peace and Security, UN Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs
Maryruth Belsey-Priebe, Co-Founder, aXXelerate
Harriette Williams Bright, WPS Humanitarian Action Compact Lead, UN Women

Interventions from the floor:
Miwako Kitamura, Researcher (specially appointed), International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University
Dalal El Taher, Board Member at Syria Civil Defence, The White Helmets (Virtual)

Moderator:
Phoebe Donnelly, Senior Fellow and Head of Women, Peace and Security, International Peace Institute

The post National Action Plans for National Challenges: Addressing Environmental Crises through the WPS Agenda appeared first on International Peace Institute.

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IPI in partnership with the Berghof Foundation, cohosted a policy forum on “Building Bridges for Nonviolent Change: The Role of Women as Insider Mediators” onn October 23rd. This event was held the day before the UN Security Council open debate on women, peace and security (WPS) and focused on the vital need to increase women’s participation in formal mediation processes.

This policy forum exposed multiple stakeholders in New York to the crucial work of women as informal bridge-builders in conflict situations, and discussed strategies for including their expertise in formal mediation processes. At the event, the Berghof Foundation launched research reports and a policy brief on the role of women mediators in recent protests in Venezuela, Thailand, and Iraq. These reports offer specific and actionable recommendations for how international donors and practitioners can fulfill capacity building and support needs to empower these women to sustain and deepen their engagement, thereby expanding the potential for achieving peaceful change and conflict transformation.

Opening Remarks:
Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein, President and CEO, International Peace Institute
H.E. Jacqueline O’Neill, Canada’s Ambassador for Women, Peace and Security
H.E. Pascale Christine Baeriswyl, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the UN
H.E. Arlene Tickner, Ambassador-At-Large for Gender Issues and Global Feminist Politics, Government of Colombia

Speakers:
Rachel Gasser, Senior Adviser, Negotiation and Mediation Support, Berghof Foundation
Isabella Picón, Activist and Researcher (Venezuela)
Nang Raw Zahkung, Peace Practitioner and Facilitator (Myanmar)
Tahani Abbas Ali Balalelsheib, Women Activist and Human Rights Defender (Sudan)
Sarah Taylor, Policy Specialist, Women, Peace and Security and Resilience, UN Women

Moderator:
Phoebe Donnelly, Senior Fellow and Head of Women, Peace and Security, International Peace Institute

The post Building Bridges for Nonviolent Change: The Role of Women as Insider Mediators appeared first on International Peace Institute.

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IPI in partnership with the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP), the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, and the Permanent Mission of Denmark to the UN, cohosted the launch event of the 2024 Multilateralism Index on October 17th.

IPI and IEP launched the Multilateralism Index in September 2022. Two years later, we launched a refined and updated version of the index to assess changes in international cooperation over the decade between 2013 and 2023. By providing a quantitative assessment of the multilateral system, the Index provides an analytic tool to inform decision-making and guide political attention.

This launch event presented the key findings of the 2024 Multilateralism Index. It also considered concrete ways to create a stronger, more nimble multilateral system.

Opening remarks:
H.E. James Larsen, Permanent Representative of Australia to the UN
Erik Laursen, Deputy Permanent Representative of the Kingdom of Denmark to the UN

Presentation of the 2024 Multilateralism Index:
Albert Trithart, Editor and Research Fellow, International Peace Institute

Panelists:
H.E. Maritza Chan, Permanent Representative of Costa Rica to the UN
Minh-Thu Pham, Co-founder and CEO at Project Starling, Nonresident Scholar at Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

Moderator:
Adam Lupel, Vice President and COO, International Peace Institute

Closing remarks:
Volker Lehmann, Senior Policy Analyst, The Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) New York Office

The post Tracking the Past to Chart the Future Through the 2024 Multilateralism Index appeared first on International Peace Institute.

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As part of Geneva Peace Week 2024, IPI in partnership with the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, Switzerland, the Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP), International Gender Champions, the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD), and the Berghof Foundation cohosted a peace panel on the topic of “A Feminist Peace Built by All: Pathways to Inclusive Visions of Peace” on October 15th.

Despite well-established normative frameworks for gender equality within the UN system, such as the WPS agenda, challenges still exist to achieving the vision of a sustainable and just peace. The theme of the 2024 open debate on WPS in the UN Security Council will focus on inclusive peacemaking by highlighting women’s roles in mediation especially in a changing geopolitical and technological environment.

This event provided a moment to reflect on these issues in advance of the open debate on WPS and the 24th anniversary of UN Security Council Resolution 1325. Panelists analyzed and identified strategies to mitigate these challenges to fully realize an inclusive peace. The event further connected different audiences in discussing how to build an inclusive feminist peace, because these efforts cannot be siloed across different agendas and agencies; they are strongest when they connect feminist actors across different sectors and locations.

Welcoming Remarks:
Thomas Greminger, Executive Director of the Geneva Centre for Security Policy
Opening Remarks
Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein, President and CEO, International Peace Institute

Speakers:
Madeleine Rees, Former Secretary-General of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) and co-chair of the WPS Impact Group in Geneva
Ingrid Münch, Mediation Support Officer, Gender-Responsive and Inclusive Peacemaking, Co-lead of the Gender and Inclusion Team, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue
Callum Watson, Gender Coordinator, Small Arms Survey
Victoria Sandino Simanca Herrera, feminist leader, former Senator of the Republic of Colombia, negotiator during the peace process in Colombia, and ex-combatant of the FARC-EP

Moderator:
Phoebe Donnelly, Senior Fellow and Head of Women, Peace, and Security Program, International Peace Institute

Closing Remarks:
Ambassador OIKE Atsuyuki, Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations Office at Geneva

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