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Crazy, or Crazy Enough to Work? India’s Financial Shakeup

Foreign Policy Blogs - Wed, 30/11/2016 - 09:35

A surgical strike on corruption. Shock therapy for the economy. A financial system in chaos. All are descriptions of the recent actions taken by Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India to crack down on and root out corruption, money laundering, and the illicit financial transactions that comprise the so-called shadow economy.

The problem

India is one of the world’s most cash-dependent countries. Over 90% of consumer purchases are transacted in cash. Much of this ends up as “black money,” used for unofficial or illicit transactions. Corruption, including racketeering and counterfeiting, is extensive, plus few workers pay income taxes and many rely on informal payments.

Modi’s solution

Modi’s solution to this crippling problem? Ban his own country’s currency. On November 8, 2016, with no warning and to the shock of many at home and abroad, Modi declared India’s 2 most popular bank notes—500 and 1000 rupee bills—null and void. Instantly, cash held by millions of people became worthless paper (or demonetized, in finance terminology). The 500 and 1000 rupee notes represent 86% of cash in circulation, and according to Reuters “pushed Asia’s third largest economy to the brink of a liquidity crisis.”

As the government introduced new, theoretically “clean” (literally and figuratively) banknotes, what this meant for most Indians is that ATMs became inoperable. They were not reprogrammed to dispense the new notes prior to the announcement; the public was purposefully kept in the dark. The idea is that this would have tipped off users of black money, causing them to cover their tracks.

As a consequence, lines at banks stretched far and wide. As Panos Mourdoukoutas writes in Forbes, the currency shakeup “brought the nation’s economy to a standstill.” Natasha Sarin and Lawrence Summers of Harvard University wrote that the move is “is by far the most sweeping change in currency policy that has occurred anywhere in the world in decades.”

Customers wait in a long line outside a bank in Allahabad, India on Nov. 16, 2016. (Reuters/Jitendra Prakash)

The positives

Modi and his administration have steadfastly supported the drastic policy. The government believes it will expose corruption, people with unaccounted for or undeclared wealth, and counterfeiting operations with a goal of eliminating black money.

Modi is even counting on the problems caused by the demonetization becoming the solution. The theory is that the broken ATMs and long bank lines making it difficult to acquire new, legally recognized cash will spur people to adopt digital payment methods, thereby boosting India’s nascent e-commerce sector. On November 27 in a national radio address, Modi urged small business owners to embrace digital transaction systems such as mobile bank applications and credit card swipe readers.

In an attempt to convince tax evaders to join the formal economy, on November 28 Indian Finance Minister Arun Jaitley pledged an amnesty scheme for anyone who legitimately declares their holdings. The move could lead to the recognition of billions of dollars of previously undeclared income.

While the action was certainly shocking, also surprising is that many Indians have seemed to support it. According to James Crabtree in Foreign Policy, “Modi trusted his instincts that both the boldness of the move, and perhaps even the pain it introduced, would win him support. Here he has been proved right […]. If that public sentiment holds, Modi’s gutsy (and arguably reckless) move will secure a remarkable political victory.”

The negatives

But as popular as the measure may seem, critics are plentiful. The opposition Congress party has claimed Modi is fleecing the people of their hard-earned cash. Many economists question whether the shadow economy will be impacted by demonetization in any significant way. In fact, some are convinced the people who will be hurt the most are the very people the measure intended to help the most: average law-abiding citizens. And the people supposed to be bankrupted—criminals and cheats—will be no worse for the wear.

As Pranjul Bhandari, economist at HSBC in Mumbai, puts it, “The minor entrepreneur, the shopkeeper, the farmer will be hurt by this. And even among the bad guys, the risk is you catch the minnows, but the big fish escape.” This is certainly a troubling proposition. If it comes true, it would certainly erode any goodwill Modi has accumulated with this bold change.

For better or for worse?

Rooting out and eliminating corruption, collecting taxes, legitimizing the economy, reducing cash dependency and developing e-commerce are all fantastic goals. But will Modi’s decision to invalidate currency and replace it with new cash actually accomplish those goals? At this point the only reasonable answer is decidedly who knows? It seems hard to believe most (some? any?) of India’s financial problems will be solved by it.

It has certainly garnered worldwide attention to the country’s economic plight, and maybe this is the best outcome Modi could have hoped for. But many Indians are suffering because of it, including those whose lives were supposed to be improved by it. This situation needs to be rectified as soon possible. And now the world is watching.

The post Crazy, or Crazy Enough to Work? India’s Financial Shakeup appeared first on Foreign Policy Blogs.

Nicaragua’s ‘Dry Corridor’ to benefit from UN-backed sustainable agriculture project

UN News Centre - Wed, 30/11/2016 - 00:40
About 30,000 families in 58 municipalities in Nicaragua’s ‘Dry Corridor,’ the area of the country most affected by droughts and climate change, are expected to benefit from a financial agreement between the United Nations International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and Nicaragua to boost sustainable agricultural production.

Ghana: Ban urges President, opposition leader to defuse tensions ahead of upcoming elections

UN News Centre - Wed, 30/11/2016 - 00:05
United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon today urged Ghana’s President and the opposition leader to continue their role in defusing tensions towards the holding of peaceful and credible elections in the African country.

Formation of Houthi government ‘complicates search for peaceful solution’ to Yemen crisis – UN envoy

UN News Centre - Tue, 29/11/2016 - 23:53
Describing the recent announcement by Ansar Allah and the General People’s Congress of the creation of a new Government as “a new and unnecessary obstacle” to peace in Yemen, the United Nations envoy for the country today urged the parties “to re-think their approach and demonstrate their commitment to the peace process with concrete actions.”

Bulgaria: UN concerned at calls for expulsions following tensions at overcrowded reception centre

UN News Centre - Tue, 29/11/2016 - 23:19
The United Nations refugee agency today voiced concerns over calls for expulsion, on national security grounds, of asylum-seekers after a protest at Bulgaria’s largest and most overcrowded reception centre.

Fleeing violence in Horn of Africa, asylum-seekers find little safety in Yemen – UN refugee agency

UN News Centre - Tue, 29/11/2016 - 23:02
Highlighting a dramatic increase in sea crossings by migrants and refugees from the Horn of Africa to Yemen – which itself is reeling under a deteriorating humanitarian crisis, the United Nations refugee agency today called for urgent steps to deter and save people from the deadly risks they are taking.

UN health agency issues new guidelines on HIV self-testing

UN News Centre - Tue, 29/11/2016 - 22:52
Ahead of World AIDS Day, marked annually on 1 December, the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) has released new guidelines on HIV self-testing, which aim to help millions of people know their HIV status and get treatment.

With Burundi at ‘dangerous junction,’ UN experts call on Government to protect citizens against violence

UN News Centre - Tue, 29/11/2016 - 20:10
Denouncing reports of open intimidation from armed militia against citizens of Burundi, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) has called upon the Government to take immediate effective action to protect its people.

Myanmar: UN rights chief warns of ‘spiral of violence’ in Rakhine state

UN News Centre - Tue, 29/11/2016 - 18:43
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) today expressed alarm over reports of serious rights violations in Myanmar’s northern Rakhine state that cite allegations of extrajudicial killings, arbitrary arrests and sexual violence, and a renewed spike in hate speech – including on social media.

Amid battle for Mosul, ISIL forcing civilians ‘squarely in harm’s way,’ UN rights wing warns

UN News Centre - Tue, 29/11/2016 - 18:13
As the Iraqi military intensifies its operations to wrest Mosul from terrorists, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) today warned that it continues to receive reports of “serious breaches” of international human rights and humanitarian law by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL/Da’esh) in and around the war-torn city.

‘Urgent steps’ needed to revive two-state solution, Ban says on Day of Solidarity with Palestinian people

UN News Centre - Tue, 29/11/2016 - 17:52
Marking the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called on the world to reaffirm commitment to upholding the rights of the Palestinian people and working to build a future of peace, justice, security and dignity for Palestinians and Israelis alike.

Syria: Amid ‘chilling’ situation in Aleppo, 16,000 flee intense fighting, UN aid chief warns

UN News Centre - Tue, 29/11/2016 - 17:25
Citing preliminary reports that that up to 16,000 people have fled fighting in the eastern neighbourhoods of Syria’s Aleppo city over the past few days, the United Nations humanitarian chief today warned that thousands more will have no choice but to flee should the attacks spread and escalate over the coming days.

De l'art d'ignorer le peuple

Le Monde Diplomatique - Tue, 29/11/2016 - 15:41

La plupart des candidats à la présidentielle française proposent de réformer, d'une façon ou d'une autre, les institutions de la Ve République. Si de nombreux élus, chercheurs ou militants diagnostiquent une « crise de la démocratie », le mal pourrait se révéler plus profond : l'installation rampante d'un nouveau régime politique, la gouvernance, dont l'Europe est le laboratoire.

Martinieri. – « Double Face », 2000 © ADAGP, Paris, 2016

Par un retournement spectaculaire, dans nos démocraties modernes, ce ne sont plus les électeurs qui choisissent et orientent les élus, ce sont les dirigeants qui jugent les citoyens. C'est ainsi que les Britanniques, comme les Français en 2002 (échec de M. Lionel Jospin au premier tour de l'élection présidentielle) et en 2005 (« non » au référendum sur le traité constitutionnel européen), ont subi une psychanalyse sauvage à la suite du « Brexit » du 23 juin 2016. On peut avancer, sans craindre de se tromper, qu'une telle opération — réalisée presque entièrement à charge avec orchestration médiatique — n'aurait pas été effectuée si le scrutin avait conclu au maintien du Royaume-Uni dans l'Union européenne. Le principe d'une consultation populaire sur « un sujet aussi important » n'aurait pas davantage été questionné (1).

On le sait : un principe à géométrie variable n'est pas un principe, c'est un préjugé. Celui-ci peut être analysé de deux manières : mépris de classe (2) ou haine de la démocratie. Le premier sentiment dégouline assurément de la bouche du toujours subtil Alain Minc : « Ce référendum n'est pas la victoire des peuples sur les élites, mais des gens peu formés sur les gens éduqués (3).  » À aucun moment l'idée n'effleure la classe dirigeante que les citoyens rejettent les traités européens non pas parce qu'ils seraient mal informés, mais parce qu'au contraire ils tirent des leçons tout à fait logiques d'une expérience décevante de près de soixante ans.

Le second sentiment dépasse le clivage de classe ; il est philosophique. C'est la démocratie elle-même qui est contestée au travers des coups portés à deux idées cardinales : d'une part, que « la volonté du peuple est le fondement de l'autorité des pouvoirs publics » (article 21, alinéa 3 de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme) ; d'autre part, que tous les membres du corps social sont citoyens et concourent à la formation de la volonté générale, quels que soient leur origine ou leur statut social. C'est cette philosophie imposée par des siècles de luttes sociales et politiques qui fait aujourd'hui l'objet d'une offensive idéologique de grande ampleur à la faveur des impératifs de la construction européenne.

Ceux qui, comme l'ancien premier ministre Alain Juppé (Les Républicains), estiment que les « conditions » ne sont pas réunies pour un référendum en France sur les questions européennes (4), ou qui, comme le premier ministre socialiste Manuel Valls, qualifient d'« apprentis sorciers » les personnes souhaitant une telle consultation (5), dévoilent leur véritable préoccupation : comme la classe dirigeante n'est pas assurée d'une réponse positive, elle préfère ne pas consulter les électeurs. Ainsi, on gouverne sans le soutien du peuple, au moment même où on organise, traité après traité, des transferts de souveraineté de plus en plus importants à Bruxelles. Parmi les plus déterminants figurent les pouvoirs monétaire et budgétaire.

L'Union européenne agit comme le révélateur d'une délégitimation de la démocratie, également à l'œuvre à l'échelle nationale (6). Il ne s'agit plus d'une crise, mais d'un changement progressif de régime politique dont les institutions de Bruxelles constituent un laboratoire. Dans ce système, nommé « gouvernance », le peuple n'est que l'une des sources de l'autorité des pouvoirs publics, en concurrence avec d'autres acteurs : les marchés, les experts, la « société civile ». On connaît le rôle stratégique attribué à l'expertocratie par les rédacteurs des traités communautaires : la Commission, avec ses commissaires « indépendants » choisis pour leurs « compétences », est la « gardienne des traités » en lieu et place des organes politiques comme le Conseil des ministres ou le Parlement. Si cette clé de voûte des institutions de Bruxelles fait régulièrement l'objet de critiques acerbes, il n'en est pas de même de la « société civile », dont le rôle grandissant contribue pourtant, lui aussi, à contourner la démocratie.

Instrumentalisation de la « société civile »

Entré en vigueur en 2009, l'article 11 du traité de Lisbonne recommande aux institutions européennes d'entretenir « un dialogue ouvert, transparent et régulier avec les associations représentatives et la société civile ». Appelée en renfort pour combler le « déficit démocratique », celle-ci fait l'objet d'une définition très large pouvant se prêter à toutes sortes d'interprétations : acteurs du marché du travail, organisations non gouvernementales (ONG), organisations dites « de base », communautés religieuses (7). On peut donc y trouver des syndicats et des associations très progressistes, mais aussi des lobbys, des groupements patronaux, des cabinets d'experts, voire des sectes, etc. La « société civile » ne repose en effet sur aucun critère de représentativité ou de légitimité. Protéiforme, elle est aussi le règne de l'inégalité puisque ses acteurs disposent de moyens extrêmement variables, suivant les intérêts qu'ils défendent.

« Depuis le milieu des années 1990, explique la sociologue Hélène Michel, “la société civile” est devenue un acteur à part entière du fonctionnement de l'Union européenne. Mieux, elle permet désormais de légitimer les institutions qui dialoguent avec elle, les politiques publiques qui la concernent et les agents qui s'en réclament. » Et elle ajoute : « Pourtant, ni le contenu de “la société civile” ni les formes de sa participation ne semblent stabilisés. Ce qui laisse place à des usages fort différents (8).  » La Commission y fait d'ailleurs son marché en fonction de ce qu'elle estime représentatif et pertinent, ce qui lui permet in fine de maîtriser un processus qui la conforte. Le traité constitutionnel européen n'était-il pas en partie le produit de la consultation de la « société civile » ? Le dialogue instauré avec celle-ci par Bruxelles n'implique cependant aucun partage du pouvoir de décision. Par exemple, la consultation publique menée sur le grand marché transatlantique (en anglais Tafta) de mars à juillet 2014 n'a, de manière significative, pas troublé Bruxelles.

Cette pratique, qui met en avant des valeurs positives, comme l'esprit de dialogue pacifique, trouve des alliés inattendus à droite comme à gauche : associations qui œuvrent à une « Europe des citoyens », mouvements fédéralistes, Forum permanent de la société civile européenne, plates-formes « citoyennes » ou encore Comité européen des associations d'intérêt général. « Ces militants d'une “Europe plus démocratique”, car “plus proche des citoyens”, note encore Hélène Michel, entraînent derrière eux toute une série d'ONG agissant dans les secteurs sociaux et humanitaires, ainsi que dans les domaines de l'environnement, qui demandent que leur rôle soit véritablement reconnu dans le processus. » Si le mouvement associatif et syndical contribue de manière indispensable au progrès social, le concept de « société civile » transforme le rôle qu'il joue dans les rouages du pouvoir. À l'instar de l'expert dont la décision se substituerait à celle des décideurs publics, la « société civile », tout énigmatique qu'elle soit, devient le porte-parole autoproclamé des citoyens. Ce fonctionnement accorde une place considérable aux frénétiques de toutes les causes, relayés par les réseaux sociaux et des médias peu regardants, dont la représentativité prétendue est souvent mesurée par sondages (et non par élection). Et le peuple dans tout ça ? Il n'est plus qu'un groupe de pression parmi d'autres. Dans une Union européenne qui se méfie des bulletins de vote, la partie n'est pas égale.

Loin d'être purement technique, la gouvernance est un concept idéologique tiré de la science administrative anglo-saxonne, notamment américaine, contemporain de l'essor du néolibéralisme. Popularisé sous le terme de « bonne gouvernance », il vise au moins d'État, à l'extension du marché, à la « bonne gestion » (9). Les francophones le confondent souvent avec le « bon gouvernement » illustré par la célèbre fresque d'Ambrogio Lorenzetti. Cette œuvre de 1339, exposée à l'hôtel de ville de Sienne (Italie), valorise la justice et la sagesse exercées sous l'œil du peuple. On est loin des préoccupations comptables qui obsèdent jusqu'à l'absurde la classe dirigeante actuelle. Combien de pays du tiers-monde, du Kenya à la Côte d'Ivoire, ont-ils d'ailleurs sombré dans le chaos peu après avoir reçu leur brevet de « bonne gouvernance » de la part des institutions financières internationales ? On se souvient également de M. Dominique Strauss-Kahn, alors directeur général du Fonds monétaire international, saluant la Tunisie de M. Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali en 2009 par des mots qui laissaient peu entrevoir la révolution de janvier 2011 : « La politique économique adoptée ici est une politique saine et constitue un bon modèle à suivre pour de nombreux pays émergents. » Économie de marché, gouvernance et « société civile » relèvent du même corpus idéologique postdémocratique.

La marginalisation de la souveraineté populaire par la gouvernance explique la facilité avec laquelle les dirigeants européens, et notamment français, contournent le verdict des urnes : leur légitimité ne viendrait qu'en partie des électeurs. Cela peut expliquer la stupeur provoquée par le comportement du Royaume-Uni, qui, non content de consulter son peuple, envisage de respecter sa volonté…

La crise de confiance qui affecte l'Union européenne, voire le rejet grandissant dont elle est l'objet, pourrait-elle trouver une solution dans l'avènement d'un « peuple européen » qui élirait ses représentants dans les institutions de Bruxelles ? Alors ministre français de l'économie, M. Emmanuel Macron a ainsi proposé d'organiser un référendum européen ; la députée écologiste Eva Joly a quant à elle suggéré d'élire une Constituante européenne. C'était déjà l'ambition des socialistes Oskar Lafontaine (Allemagne) et Jean-Luc Mélenchon (France) en 2006. Mais de tels projets supposent résolue la question préalable : les peuples nationaux acceptent-ils leur propre dissolution dans un ensemble plus grand ? Existe-t-il une « communauté politique européenne » reconnue comme telle par les habitants de l'Union, qui leur ferait accepter le verdict d'institutions communes gouvernées par le principe majoritaire ? Les résultats des derniers référendums (« Brexit » au Royaume-Uni, rejet par les Pays-Bas de l'accord d'association avec l'Ukraine) laissent penser que l'État-nation demeure, pour la plupart des peuples du Vieux Continent, le cadre légitime de la démocratie. Symbole, passé relativement inaperçu, de ce hiatus : le 19 janvier 2006, le Parlement européen avait voté une résolution demandant qu'on trouve un moyen de contourner les référendums français et néerlandais sur le traité constitutionnel européen…

En prenant de front la souveraineté populaire, la gouvernance reformule la question démocratique telle qu'elle a émergé avec les Lumières au XVIIIe siècle. Les classes dirigeantes, de nouveau habituées à gouverner entre elles, confondent de manière symptomatique « populisme » et démagogie. L'attention portée aux revendications populaires est perçue comme du clientélisme primaire, quand la défense débridée des intérêts dominants est présentée comme le nec plus ultra de la modernité. On peut raisonnablement penser qu'un contrôle plus étroit des peuples sur leurs gouvernements mènerait à des politiques tout autres que celles d'aujourd'hui. C'est pourquoi, comme en 1789, la démocratie, malgré ses imperfections, demeure une revendication proprement révolutionnaire, en France comme dans de nombreux pays de l'Union européenne corsetés par la gouvernance. Considérer que le rétablissement de la primauté de la démocratie conduirait à des formes nouvelles de tyrannie et de démagogie revient à prêter aux citoyens des desseins plus noirs que ceux qui animent le personnel dirigeant et son mépris de classe.

Ces explosions qui viennent

La démocratie a toujours fait l'objet de débats politiques passionnés, la gauche accusant souvent ce régime « bourgeois » de nier la violence des rapports sociaux par le jeu d'une égalité théorique des citoyens. Il n'en demeure pas moins que le passage de la souveraineté du roi à la nation était considéré, y compris par Karl Marx lui-même, comme allant dans le sens de l'histoire ; le clivage droite-gauche trouve d'ailleurs une de ses sources dans la Révolution française : venaient s'asseoir à gauche du président de séance ceux qui remettaient en cause la monarchie. Plus tard, les mouvements issus de la critique du capitalisme intégrèrent, en France du moins, la défense des droits politiques acquis après 1789, tout en exigeant les mesures nécessaires à la concrétisation de l'idée démocratique : éducation, droits sociaux, libertés syndicales et ouvrières… C'est le sens du combat républicain mené par le socialiste Jean Jaurès pour l'école publique, la laïcité ou l'impôt sur le revenu. Ce qui ne l'empêchait pas, en marxiste assumé, de lutter pour l'instauration d'un autre système économique : le socialisme.

Dans l'Europe de ce début de millénaire, ce n'est pas le « peuple de gauche » qui se réveille, c'est le peuple tout court. C'est pourquoi le « non » était largement majoritaire en 2005 (référendum sur le traité constitutionnel européen), mais la gauche très minoritaire en 2007 (élection présidentielle). Ce n'est pas seulement la crise sociale, l'explosion des inégalités et des injustices qui aujourd'hui « soulèvent le goudron (10)  », mais tout autant les reculs de la souveraineté populaire qui les ont rendues possibles.

(1) Cf. Bernard-Henri Lévy, « Pourquoi référendum n'est pas démocratie », Le Point, Paris, 13 juillet 2016.

(2) Lire Paul Mason, « “Brexit”, les raisons de la colère », Le Monde diplomatique, août 2016.

(3) Entretien au Figaro, Paris, 29 juin 2016.

(4) « Juppé :“Organiser un référendum sur l'Europe, aujourd'hui en France, serait irresponsable” », LeMonde.fr, 27 juin 2016.

(5) Assemblée nationale, séance du mardi 28 juin 2016.

(6) Lire « Peu(ple) leur chaut ! », Le Monde diplomatique, novembre 2003.

(7) Lire Commission européenne, « Gouvernance européenne. Un Livre blanc », Journal officiel de l'Union européenne no 287 du 12 octobre 2001, et « Avis du Comité économique et social sur “Le rôle et la contribution de la société civile organisée dans la construction européenne” », Journal officiel de l'Union européenne no C 329 du 17 novembre 1999.

(8) Cf. Hélène Michel, « “Société civile” ou peuple européen ? L'Union européenne à la recherche d'une légitimité politique », Savoir/agir, no 7, Paris, mars 2009.

(9) Cf. dossier « La gouvernance », Revue internationale des sciences sociales, Paris, no 155, 1er janvier 1998.

(10) Cf. Frédéric Lordon, « Le goudron se soulève », La pompe à phynance, Les blogs du Diplo, 16 juin 2016.

Forecasting Unconventional Elections: What Can Be Done?

Foreign Policy Blogs - Tue, 29/11/2016 - 09:38

Despite unforgivable slips in the 2016 U.S. presidential race, the polling industry must be strengthened, not discredited. It remains crucial in an era in which markets are hypersensitive to political outcomes.

By 11:00pm EST on November 8, 2016, after commercial breaks allowed the world to swallow the unexpected reality of a Donald Trump presidency, pundits pinned the blame on public opinion polls. Electoral experts firmly renounced major polls for miscalculating the electoral outcome by biblical proportions into the morning hours. Mr. Trump, who according to the superstar electoral statistician Nate Silver had a 28.6% of winning the election, ended up flipping the states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania. He also took the key battleground states—Florida, Ohio, and North Carolina.

Mr. Silver is not the only expert who was wrong. Every major publication, think tank, and agency able to forecast the election predicted a Trump loss by margins making Silver’s forecast look optimistic for the Trump campaign. Gallup published an article on November 2 (less than a week before election day), stating that the Trump campaign’s ratings were the “worst in recent election years”, with a 29% national approval rate.

News broadcasting stations, however, were the furthest off the mark. The day before election day, all major cable stations had Clinton winning by a couple points: Fox, ABC, and CBS had Clinton up by 4 points; while NBC had Clinton ahead of Trump by 6 points. Polls funded by other publications and agencies also forecasted a Clinton win, albeit by a smaller margin: The Economist and YouGov had Clinton up by 4 points while Reuters and Bloomberg had her up by 3 points.

The following headlines from The Economist articles provide a glimpse into the level of disproportional forecasting going into Election Day:

  • “Hillary Clinton has got this. Probably. Very probably.” Published Election Day five hours before the first votes were tallied.
  • “The Economist Explains: How did the Polls Get it Wrong?” Published November 9, the day after Election Day.
  • “Epic Fail.” Published November 10, two days after Election Day.

This sequence, which starts cautiously optimistic, then defensive, and finally accepting, is representative of the sentiment among the pundits. Going forward, experts should not jump to discredit the entire polling industry but rather allow academia to reassess the methodology for future national polls. A technical review of polling companies should address the following stress points.

Geography, demography, and electoral system

Concerning the research design, national polls usually have a sample size of 1,000 people. In a geographically massive and culturally heterogeneous country of 320 million people such as the United States, sample sizes may need to be significantly larger to cover more counties, including rural areas, to have a deeper footprint among the electorate.

Polls were somewhat accurate when analyzing the overall national popular vote, but highly inaccurate at the state and local level. A miscalculation at the state level can make a large difference under the Electoral College’s points system. The disproportionate tally mechanism of the Electoral College brings into question how polls can correctly predict a national election in a highly decentralized electoral system, especially with an untraditional candidate such as Donald Trump.

Political marginalization and the lure of the anti-establishment option

Mainstream polls may also want to revisit how to capture politically marginalized groups. One unifying characteristic among three unexpected electoral outcomes in 2016—Brexit, the Colombian peace plebiscite, and the U.S. presidential elections—is the undocumented strength of a resentful anti-establishment silent majority. The polls may be missing this significant chunk of the electorate, which is composed of diverse demographic and income groups. The silent majority’s level of distrust with the establishment may have spilled over to independent institutions such as polling agencies, leading this important cohort to reject polling requests en masse.

In the three electoral cases presented, there was no stark contrast in the options available and voters were left to choose between a menu of suboptimal scenarios. In Brexit, Leave supporters were willing to sacrifice macroeconomic stability for bureaucratic sovereignty. In Colombia, No supporters sacrificed the demobilization of the most enduring guerrilla in the western hemisphere for the possibility of tougher sanctions. In the United States, Trump supporters turned down political and diplomatic experience for a systemic shock to the establishment.

These cases are not traditional or simple. Voters had to logically process a very rough menu of choices, which only increased popular dissatisfaction. Given the context of broad public distrust of government, polls may need to readjust their methodology to more effectively capture the pulse during untraditional electoral patterns.

Polls are adjusted to a dichotomous party-based political model, when perhaps, the establishment and party do not have the influence over voters they once had. Paul Ryan, Speaker of the House of Representatives, said “Trump pulled off an enormous political feat”, meaning that Trump won mainly with his persona and without the full backing of the party machine. The Republican Party remained fractured over Trump’s candidacy until the end.

Maybe this anti-establishment wave of electoral politics in established liberal democracies has not been grasped by big data. Pollsters are hanging on to an old party-based model in a context in which parties are mistrusted, as they represent a decaying governing elite.

Polls, democracy, and markets

The polling blunders of 2016 cannot be taken lightly. In the era of ultra-low interest rates and thin yields, the markets—particularly currencies—have become hypersensitive to political outcomes. The recent market politically induced volatility also transcends borders.

More than ever, electoral outcomes have a direct implication on global markets, even if the policies promised in campaigns are unfeasible in the short-term. The U.S. election, for example, has severely altered a large number of currencies, regardless of the country’s current account balance or general economic standing. The currency market’s reaction to Trump’s election is symptomatic of the deep economic interconnectedness of the global economy.

If political stakeholders have placed so much trust in polls, it is because they have worked successfully in the past. Yes, 2016 has been an unconventional year for democracy and therefore polls as well, but this is no excuse to discredit the industry as was done by pundits on Election Day. Rather, firms should reassess how polls are structured in unorthodox political contests and recalibrate the qualitative methodology to treat voters as complex social beings instead of robots.

This article was originally published by Global Risk Insights and written by GRI Senior Analyst Daniel Lemaitre.

The post Forecasting Unconventional Elections: What Can Be Done? appeared first on Foreign Policy Blogs.

Ban voices deep concerns over renewed violence in the Central African Republic

UN News Centre - Tue, 29/11/2016 - 06:00
Expressing deep concerns over last week&#39s renewed violence in the Central African Republic that has reportedly claimed dozens of lives and displaced more than 11,000 persons &#8211 many civilians &#8211 United Nations Secretary-General has called on the armed groups to immediately and to &#8220genuinely&#8221 commit to peace.

Shock as Opportunity

German Foreign Policy (DE/FR/EN) - Tue, 29/11/2016 - 00:00
(Own report) - Thanks to Donald Trump's electoral victory, Berlin sees its opportunities for pushing for the creation of EU military structures and possibly European nuclear armed forces growing. Wolfgang Ischinger, the influential diplomat and Chairman of the Munich Security Conference, is "hoping" that the "Trump shock" has "dramatically increased" the willingness to militarize the European Union. Last week, the European Parliament adopted a resolution that includes setting up an EU Operational Headquarters, establishing a "political leadership" for EU military operations, and raising the military budgets of all member states to at least 2% of their GDP. EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security, Federica Mogherini, continues to promote the idea of an "EU superpower." Leading politicians and commentators are beginning to pick up the idea, previously launched by a number of experts, of the EU developing its own nuclear military forces on the basis of French and British nuclear weapons. However, for this, the French and British arsenals would be insufficient, according to a suggestive article published in one of Germany's leading opinion-forming dailies.

‘Hang on to every little glimmer of hope,’ says UN envoy for South Sudan

UN News Centre - Mon, 28/11/2016 - 21:39
All people in South Sudan, regardless of their ethnic affiliation, must unite towards creating a national identify, the head of the United Nations mission there urged today, underscoring the potential of the resource-rich African country to prosper despite its ongoing challenges.

Central African Republic: Half the population needs humanitarian support, says UN

UN News Centre - Mon, 28/11/2016 - 21:03
With nearly half the population in the Central African Republic (CAR) in need of humanitarian assistance, some $400 million is required over the coming year to shore up relief efforts that will be critical “to save the lives of people who are among the poorest and most forgotten on this planet,” a senior United Nations official said today.

UN committee on safeguarding intangible cultural heritage opens session in Ethiopia

UN News Centre - Mon, 28/11/2016 - 20:01
More than 300 artists and performers showcased the wealth of Ethiopia’s intangible cultural heritage in Addis Ababa on Sunday ahead of today’s opening of the 11th session of the United Nations Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Who Will Lead on Climate in the Age of Trump?

Foreign Policy Blogs - Mon, 28/11/2016 - 09:39

A simpler time: officials at the opening of the climate conference in Marrakech. (UNFCCC | Flickr)

Grief unfolds in five stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. In the aftermath of the U.S. election, climate policy-makers have been struggling through this process themselves. The urge to deny the significance of the coming U.S. climate policy turnaround is understandable. The Paris Agreement was hailed as a momentous deal, and negotiators had to fight a lot of difficult battles to get there. A little less than a year later, much of that progress could be on the verge of irrelevance.

Coincidentally, the first international climate conference after the Paris deal kicked off two days before the U.S. election. In the early morning hours of November 9th, it became clear that American voters—or more accurately the U.S. electoral system—had dropped a bombshell on negotiators. Within two months, Donald Trump will be moving into the White House, joined by Republican majorities in both houses of Congress and a soon to be reinstated conservative majority on the Supreme Court.

The repercussions are pretty clear. Donald Trump’s plans for the EPA will likely end the agency’s mandate as a climate regulator. Support for fossil fuels is one of the key pillars of his energy strategy. Trump has promised lifting regulations on both shale gas and coal in order to boost production and jobs. While these moves are unlikely to do much for either one of these goals, they could slow down the death of coal.

The President-Elect has also shown a complete lack of awareness when it comes to the relationship between business, international trade, and the climate. So it is hardly surprising that Trump wants to cut U.S. support for UN climate measures and has openly flirted with pulling the U.S. out of the Paris deal. Yet other measures like cancelling U..S membership in the UNFCCC or the Green Climate Fund are within the realm of the possible.

Of course, the incoming President could, in a Trumpian fashion, reverse all of these positions overnight. But the question is not to what extent a President Trump will differ from candidate Trump. Rather, the real question is this: how will the international community respond?

Under the Paris Agreement, 21% of emissions cuts through 2030 were to come via the United States. The Obama Administration had made some modest progress to put the U.S. on a path towards meeting these commitments. Hillary Clinton had a plan in place to continue a strategy build around an assortment of executive actions. On the one hand, even Donald Trump and a Republican Congress will not be able to stop the growth of renewable technologies, whose economic fundamentals are strong. On the other, U.S. policy was already comparatively weak. The imperative for the U.S. was to do more, not less.

But this is more than a story about U.S. emissions plans. It remains indispensable to have the world’s biggest economy on board with the climate agenda. Post-election, that is no longer the case. It appears very likely that the United States will pull back from diplomatic engagement in global climate politics. This could mean that other countries that are on the fence on climate issues—Russia, Australia, Saudi Arabia and others—have license to relax their ambitions even further.

In such a scenario, the Paris agreement collapses unless other countries step up. But the deal was already fragile. What parties to the agreement are currently pledging is far from meeting the 2°C goal. And there is no guarantee that they will actually put in place the commitments that do exist. To make matters worse, the formula that countries agreed on last year essentially depends on them taking greenhouse gases out of the air in the second half of the century. Such technologies currently do not exist. Add to that a likely U.S. exit (if not on paper), and the situation looks pretty critical.

Now, there are many voices calling for a workaround that would essentially see countries continue on the Paris path without the U.S. China has been mulled as the new global leader. For years, the country has invested massively in renewables. Urban pollution and business opportunities give Chinese leaders good incentives to move ahead with that agenda domestically.

China has also ramped up its political ambition internationally. In its quest for status on the global stage, the Chinese government sees climate change as one of the areas in which it can conceivably move ahead of other countries. China has also used climate change as an issue over which it can declare its solidarity with poorer countries.

Another more natural alternative would be Germany, home to the Energiewende (energy transition) and a global leader in renewable energy technology. With the UK and the U.S. pulling back from international engagement, the New York Times sees Angela Merkel as the “liberal West’s last defender”. Does Germany’s supposed new role on the global stage extend to climate change?

Such a prospect seems unlikely. Germany has traditionally assumed more of a backstage role. Within the EU, it has dealt in uncomfortable fashion with the new responsibilities thrust upon it by the Euro crisis. The country is more at ease as a lead-by-example player than as an out-and-out leader. Merkel, who is likely to win a fourth term as Chancellor next year, is also not someone known for visionary ideas or strong political convictions. She is a manager at heart. In the short-term, she may be able to patch something together. But Merkel is ill-suited as someone to reorient a process as complex as global climate diplomacy.

That leaves a third option: moving away from state-oriented leadership. This is something that has already happened with increasing speed in recent years. Cities, businesses, NGOs and activists are all governance actors in their own right. Corporations like Apple and Wal-Mart have long since recognized that being proactive on climate change will save them money in the long-term. For cities, climate change is an issue of air quality, jobs, and innovation. Along with NGOs and activists, these actors have strong incentives to collaborate and drive solutions.

The problem is that, despite globalization, we don’t live in a borderless world. To a large extent, regulations remain national in scope. And the Paris deal is one that was agreed on by states, who retain control over crucial policies that will determine the course of emissions going forward.

The upshot is that U.S. withdrawal from climate diplomacy throws up a plethora of questions. Rather than focusing simply on the nitty-gritty aspects of the Paris deal, climate negotiators will also have to find a way to replace not only expected U.S. emissions cuts, but its role as an important diplomatic force. The faster they can move from depression to acceptance, the better the chances at success.

The post Who Will Lead on Climate in the Age of Trump? appeared first on Foreign Policy Blogs.

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